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	<li><a href="#name">NAME</a></li>
	<li><a href="#syntax">SYNTAX</a></li>
	<li><a href="#description">DESCRIPTION</a></li>
	<li><a href="#usage">USAGE</a></li>
	<li><a href="#common_options">COMMON OPTIONS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#commands">COMMANDS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#command_descriptions">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#libc_nss">LIBC NSS</a></li>
	<li><a href="#maintainer">MAINTAINER</a></li>
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<p>
</p>
<h1><a name="name">NAME</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox - The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="syntax">SYNTAX</a></h1>
<pre>
 busybox &lt;applet&gt; [arguments...]  # or</pre>
<pre>
 &lt;applet&gt; [arguments...]          # if symlinked</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="description">DESCRIPTION</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common UNIX utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in GNU coreutils, util-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox
generally have fewer options than their full-featured GNU cousins; however, the
options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very
much like their GNU counterparts.</p>
<p>BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.
BusyBox provides a fairly complete POSIX environment for any small or embedded
system.</p>
<p>BusyBox is extremely configurable.  This allows you to include only the
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make
menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.  Then run
'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.</p>
<p>After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory
specified by CONFIG_PREFIX. CONFIG_PREFIX can be set when configuring BusyBox,
or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a
command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled
any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will
also be installed in the location pointed to by CONFIG_PREFIX.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="usage">USAGE</a></h1>
<p>BusyBox is a multi-call binary.  A multi-call binary is an executable program
that performs the same job as more than one utility program.  That means there
is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large
number of utilities.  This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in
utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common
operations.</p>
<p>You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
command line.  For example, entering</p>
<pre>
        /bin/busybox ls</pre>
<p>will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.</p>
<p>Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful.  So most
people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.</p>
<p>For example, entering</p>
<pre>
        ln -s /bin/busybox ls
        ./ls</pre>
<p>will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).  Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these
links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run
the 'make install' command.</p>
<p>If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the
applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="common_options">COMMON OPTIONS</a></h1>
<p>Most BusyBox applets support the <strong>--help</strong> argument to provide a terse runtime
description of their behavior.  If the CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE option has
been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="commands">COMMANDS</a></h1>
<p>Currently available applets include:</p>
<pre>
        [, [[, acpid, add-shell, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, arp, arping,
        ash, awk, base64, basename, beep, blkid, blockdev, bootchartd,
        brctl, bunzip2, bzcat, bzip2, cal, cat, catv, chat, chattr, chgrp,
        chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear,
        cmp, comm, conspy, cp, cpio, crond, crontab, cryptpw, cttyhack, cut,
        date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, deluser, depmod, devmem, df,
        dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, dnsdomainname, dos2unix, du,
        dumpkmap, dumpleases, echo, ed, egrep, eject, env, envdir,
        envuidgid, ether-wake, expand, expr, fakeidentd, false, fbset,
        fbsplash, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, fgconsole, fgrep, find, findfs,
        flock, fold, free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck.minix, fsync, ftpd,
        ftpget, ftpput, fuser, getopt, getty, grep, groups, gunzip, gzip,
        halt, hd, hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hush,
        hwclock, id, ifconfig, ifdown, ifenslave, ifplugd, ifup, inetd,
        init, insmod, install, ionice, iostat, ip, ipaddr, ipcalc, ipcrm,
        ipcs, iplink, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kbd_mode, kill, killall,
        killall5, klogd, last, less, linux32, linux64, linuxrc, ln,
        loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, losetup, lpd,
        lpq, lpr, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lsof, lspci, lsusb, lzcat, lzma, lzop,
        lzopcat, makedevs, makemime, man, md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom,
        mkdir, mkdosfs, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs.ext2, mkfs.minix, mkfs.vfat,
        mknod, mkpasswd, mkswap, mktemp, modinfo, modprobe, more, mount,
        mountpoint, mpstat, mt, mv, nameif, nanddump, nandwrite, nbd-client,
        nc, netstat, nice, nmeter, nohup, nslookup, ntpd, od, openvt,
        passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pipe_progress, pivot_root,
        pkill, pmap, popmaildir, poweroff, powertop, printenv, printf, ps,
        pscan, pstree, pwd, pwdx, raidautorun, rdate, rdev, readlink,
        readprofile, realpath, reboot, reformime, remove-shell, renice,
        reset, resize, rev, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, rpm2cpio, rtcwake,
        run-parts, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, script, scriptreplay, sed,
        sendmail, seq, setarch, setconsole, setfont, setkeycodes,
        setlogcons, setserial, setsid, setuidgid, sh, sha1sum, sha256sum,
        sha512sum, showkey, slattach, sleep, smemcap, softlimit, sort,
        split, start-stop-daemon, stat, strings, stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv,
        svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, sync, sysctl, syslogd, tac,
        tail, tar, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, telnetd, test, tftp, tftpd, time,
        timeout, top, touch, tr, traceroute, traceroute6, true, tty,
        ttysize, tunctl, ubiattach, ubidetach, ubimkvol, ubirmvol, ubirsvol,
        ubiupdatevol, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, umount, uname, unexpand, uniq,
        unix2dos, unlzma, unlzop, unxz, unzip, uptime, users, usleep,
        uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, volname, wall, watch,
        watchdog, wc, wget, which, who, whoami, whois, xargs, xz, xzcat,
        yes, zcat, zcip</pre>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="command_descriptions">COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS</a></h1>
<dl>
<dt><strong><a name="acpid" class="item"><strong>acpid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>acpid [-df] [-c CONFDIR] [-l LOGFILE] [-a ACTIONFILE] [-M MAPFILE] [-e PROC_EVENT_FILE] [-p PIDFILE]</p>
<p>Listen to ACPI events and spawn specific helpers on event arrival</p>
<pre>
        -d      Log to stderr, not log file (implies -f)
        -f      Run in foreground
        -c DIR  Config directory [/etc/acpi]
        -e FILE /proc event file [/proc/acpi/event]
        -l FILE Log file [/var/log/acpid.log]
        -p FILE Pid file [/var/run/acpid.pid]
        -a FILE Action file [/etc/acpid.conf]
        -M FILE Map file [/etc/acpi.map]</pre>
<p>Accept and ignore compatibility options -g -m -s -S -v</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="add_shell" class="item"><strong>add-shell</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>add-shell SHELL...</p>
<p>Add SHELLs to /etc/shells</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="addgroup" class="item"><strong>addgroup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>addgroup [-g GID] [USER] GROUP</p>
<p>Add a group or add a user to a group</p>
<pre>
        -g GID  Group id
        -S      Create a system group</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="adduser" class="item"><strong>adduser</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>adduser [OPTIONS] USER</p>
<p>Add a user</p>
<pre>
        -h DIR          Home directory
        -g GECOS        GECOS field
        -s SHELL        Login shell
        -G GRP          Add user to existing group
        -S              Create a system user
        -D              Don't assign a password
        -H              Don't create home directory
        -u UID          User id</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="adjtimex" class="item"><strong>adjtimex</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>adjtimex [-q] [-o OFF] [-f FREQ] [-p TCONST] [-t TICK]</p>
<p>Read and optionally set system timebase parameters. See <a href="#adjtimex"><code>adjtimex(2)</code></a></p>
<pre>
        -q      Quiet
        -o OFF  Time offset, microseconds
        -f FREQ Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
                (positive values make clock run faster)
        -t TICK Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
        -p TCONST</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="arp" class="item"><strong>arp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>arp 
<tr><td>[-vn]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -a [HOSTNAME]
<tr><td>[-v]<td>    [-i IF] -d HOSTNAME [pub]
<tr><td>[-v]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [temp]
<tr><td>[-v]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -s HOSTNAME HWADDR [netmask MASK] pub
<tr><td>[-v]<td>[-H HWTYPE] [-i IF] -Ds HOSTNAME IFACE [netmask MASK] pub</table></p>
<p>Manipulate ARP cache</p>
<pre>
        -a              Display (all) hosts
        -s              Set new ARP entry
        -d              Delete a specified entry
        -v              Verbose
        -n              Don't resolve names
        -i IF           Network interface
        -D              Read &lt;hwaddr&gt; from given device
        -A,-p AF        Protocol family
        -H HWTYPE       Hardware address type</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="arping" class="item"><strong>arping</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>arping [-fqbDUA] [-c CNT] [-w TIMEOUT] [-I IFACE] [-s SRC_IP] DST_IP</p>
<p>Send ARP requests/replies</p>
<pre>
        -f              Quit on first ARP reply
        -q              Quiet
        -b              Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
        -D              Duplicated address detection mode
        -U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbors
        -A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbors
        -c N            Stop after sending N ARP requests
        -w TIMEOUT      Time to wait for ARP reply, seconds
        -I IFACE        Interface to use (default eth0)
        -s SRC_IP       Sender IP address
        DST_IP          Target IP address</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ash" class="item"><strong>ash</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ash [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]]</p>
<p>Unix shell interpreter</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="awk" class="item"><strong>awk</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>awk [OPTIONS] [AWK_PROGRAM] [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -v VAR=VAL      Set variable
        -F SEP          Use SEP as field separator
        -f FILE         Read program from FILE</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="base64" class="item"><strong>base64</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>base64 [-d] [FILE]</p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>Base64 encode or decode FILE to standard output
<tr><td><td>-d<td>Decode data</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="basename" class="item"><strong>basename</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>basename FILE [SUFFIX]</p>
<p>Strip directory path and .SUFFIX from FILE</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="beep" class="item"><strong>beep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>beep -f FREQ -l LEN -d DELAY -r COUNT -n</p>
<pre>
        -f      Frequency in Hz
        -l      Length in ms
        -d      Delay in ms
        -r      Repetitions
        -n      Start new tone</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="blkid" class="item"><strong>blkid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>blkid [BLOCKDEV]...</p>
<p>Print UUIDs of all filesystems</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="blockdev" class="item"><strong>blockdev</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>blockdev OPTION BLOCKDEV</p>
<pre>
        --setro         Set ro
        --setrw         Set rw
        --getro         Get ro
        --getss         Get sector size
        --getbsz        Get block size
        --setbsz BYTES  Set block size
        --getsz         Get device size in 512-byte sectors
        --getsize64     Get device size in bytes
        --flushbufs     Flush buffers
        --rereadpt      Reread partition table</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bootchartd" class="item"><strong>bootchartd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bootchartd start [PROG ARGS]|stop|init</p>
<p>Create /var/log/bootchart.tgz with boot chart data</p>
<p>start: start background logging; with PROG, run PROG, then kill logging with USR1
stop: send USR1 to all bootchartd processes
init: start background logging; stop when getty/xdm is seen (for init scripts)
Under PID 1: as init, then exec $bootchart_init, /init, /sbin/init</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="brctl" class="item"><strong>brctl</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>brctl COMMAND [BRIDGE [INTERFACE]]</p>
<p>Manage ethernet bridges</p>
<p>Commands:</p>
<pre>
        show                    Show a list of bridges
        addbr BRIDGE            Create BRIDGE
        delbr BRIDGE            Delete BRIDGE
        addif BRIDGE IFACE      Add IFACE to BRIDGE
        delif BRIDGE IFACE      Delete IFACE from BRIDGE
        setageing BRIDGE TIME           Set ageing time
        setfd BRIDGE TIME               Set bridge forward delay
        sethello BRIDGE TIME            Set hello time
        setmaxage BRIDGE TIME           Set max message age
        setpathcost BRIDGE COST         Set path cost
        setportprio BRIDGE PRIO         Set port priority
        setbridgeprio BRIDGE PRIO       Set bridge priority
        stp BRIDGE [1/yes/on|0/no/off]  STP on/off</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bunzip2" class="item"><strong>bunzip2</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bunzip2 [-cf] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bzcat" class="item"><strong>bzcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bzcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="bzip2" class="item"><strong>bzip2</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>bzip2 [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Compress FILEs (or stdin) with bzip2 algorithm</p>
<pre>
        -1..9   Compression level
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cal" class="item"><strong>cal</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cal [-jy] [[MONTH] YEAR]</p>
<p>Display a calendar</p>
<pre>
        -j      Use julian dates
        -y      Display the entire year</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cat" class="item"><strong>cat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cat [FILE]...</p>
<p>Concatenate FILEs and print them to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="catv" class="item"><strong>catv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>catv [-etv] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M-x</p>
<pre>
        -e      End each line with $
        -t      Show tabs as ^I
        -v      Don't use ^x or M-x escapes</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chat" class="item"><strong>chat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chat EXPECT [SEND [EXPECT [SEND...]]]</p>
<p>Useful for interacting with a modem connected to stdin/stdout.
A script consists of one or more &quot;expect-send&quot; pairs of strings,
each pair is a pair of arguments. Example:
chat '' ATZ OK ATD123456 CONNECT '' ogin: pppuser word: ppppass '~'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chattr" class="item"><strong>chattr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chattr [-R] [-+=AacDdijsStTu] [-v VERSION] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Change file attributes on an ext2 fs</p>
<p>Modifiers:</p>
<pre>
        -       Remove attributes
        +       Add attributes
        =       Set attributes
Attributes:</pre>
<pre>
        A       Don't track atime
        a       Append mode only
        c       Enable compress
        D       Write dir contents synchronously
        d       Don't backup with dump
        i       Cannot be modified (immutable)
        j       Write all data to journal first
        s       Zero disk storage when deleted
        S       Write file contents synchronously
        t       Disable tail-merging of partial blocks with other files
        u       Allow file to be undeleted
        -R      Recurse
        -v      Set the file's version/generation number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chgrp" class="item"><strong>chgrp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chgrp [-RhLHPcvf]... GROUP FILE...</p>
<p>Change the group membership of each FILE to GROUP</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
        -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
        -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
        -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)
        -c      List changed files
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Hide errors</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chmod" class="item"><strong>chmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chmod [-Rcvf] MODE[,MODE]... FILE...</p>
<p>Each MODE is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the
symbols +-= and one or more of the letters rwxst</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -c      List changed files
        -v      List all files
        -f      Hide errors</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chown" class="item"><strong>chown</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chown [-RhLHPcvf]... OWNER[&lt;.|:&gt;[GROUP]] FILE...</p>
<p>Change the owner and/or group of each FILE to OWNER and/or GROUP</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
        -L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
        -H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
        -P      Don't traverse symlinks (default)
        -c      List changed files
        -v      List all files
        -f      Hide errors</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chpasswd" class="item"><strong>chpasswd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chpasswd [--md5|--encrypted]</p>
<p>Read user:password from stdin and update /etc/passwd</p>
<pre>
        -e,--encrypted  Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
        -m,--md5        Use MD5 encryption instead of DES</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chpst" class="item"><strong>chpst</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>chpst [-vP012] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-U USER[:GRP]] [-e DIR]
<tr><td><td>[-/ DIR] [-n NICE] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-o N]
<tr><td><td>[-p N] [-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] PROG ARGS</table></p>
<p>Change the process state, run PROG</p>
<pre>
        -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid and gid
        -U USER[:GRP]   Set $UID and $GID in environment
        -e DIR          Set environment variables as specified by files
                        in DIR: file=1st_line_of_file
        -/ DIR          Chroot to DIR
        -n NICE         Add NICE to nice value
        -m BYTES        Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES
        -d BYTES        Limit data segment
        -o N            Limit number of open files per process
        -p N            Limit number of processes per uid
        -f BYTES        Limit output file sizes
        -c BYTES        Limit core file size
        -v              Verbose
        -P              Create new process group
        -0              Close stdin
        -1              Close stdout
        -2              Close stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chroot" class="item"><strong>chroot</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chroot NEWROOT [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Run PROG with root directory set to NEWROOT</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chrt" class="item"><strong>chrt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chrt [-prfom] [PRIO] [PID | PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Change scheduling priority and class for a process</p>
<pre>
        -p      Operate on PID
        -r      Set SCHED_RR class
        -f      Set SCHED_FIFO class
        -o      Set SCHED_OTHER class
        -m      Show min/max priorities</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="chvt" class="item"><strong>chvt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>chvt N</p>
<p>Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cksum" class="item"><strong>cksum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cksum FILES...</p>
<p>Calculate the CRC32 checksums of FILES</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="clear" class="item"><strong>clear</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>clear</p>
<p>Clear screen</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cmp" class="item"><strong>cmp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cmp [-l] [-s] FILE1 [FILE2 [SKIP1 [SKIP2]]]</p>
<p>Compare FILE1 with FILE2 (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
                for all differing bytes
        -s      Quiet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="comm" class="item"><strong>comm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>comm [-123] FILE1 FILE2</p>
<p>Compare FILE1 with FILE2</p>
<pre>
        -1      Suppress lines unique to FILE1
        -2      Suppress lines unique to FILE2
        -3      Suppress lines common to both files</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="conspy" class="item"><strong>conspy</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>conspy [-vcsndfFQ] [-x COL] [-y LINE] [CONSOLE_NO]</p>
<p>A text-mode VNC like program for Linux virtual consoles.
To exit, quickly press ESC 3 times.</p>
<pre>
        -v      Don't send keystrokes to the console
        -c      Create missing /dev/{tty,vcsa}N
        -s      Open a SHELL session
        -n      Black &amp; white
        -d      Dump console to stdout
        -f      Follow cursor
        -F      Assume console is on a framebuffer device
        -Q      Disable exit on ESC-ESC-ESC
        -x COL  Starting column
        -y LINE Starting line</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cp" class="item"><strong>cp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cp [OPTIONS] SOURCE... DEST</p>
<p>Copy SOURCE(s) to DEST</p>
<pre>
        -a      Same as -dpR
        -R,-r   Recurse
        -d,-P   Preserve symlinks (default if -R)
        -L      Follow all symlinks
        -H      Follow symlinks on command line
        -p      Preserve file attributes if possible
        -f      Overwrite
        -i      Prompt before overwrite
        -l,-s   Create (sym)links</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cpio" class="item"><strong>cpio</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cpio [-dmvu] [-F FILE] [-H newc] [-tio] [-p DIR] [EXTR_FILE]...</p>
<p>Extract or list files from a cpio archive, or
create an archive (-o) or copy files (-p) using file list on stdin</p>
<p>Main operation mode:</p>
<pre>
        -t      List
        -i      Extract EXTR_FILEs (or all)
        -o      Create (requires -H newc)
        -p DIR  Copy files to DIR
        -d      Make leading directories
        -m      Preserve mtime
        -v      Verbose
        -u      Overwrite
        -F FILE Input (-t,-i,-p) or output (-o) file
        -H newc Archive format</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="crond" class="item"><strong>crond</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>crond -fbS -l N -d N -L LOGFILE -c DIR</p>
<pre>
        -f      Foreground
        -b      Background (default)
        -S      Log to syslog (default)
        -l      Set log level. 0 is the most verbose, default 8
        -d      Set log level, log to stderr
        -L      Log to file
        -c      Working dir</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="crontab" class="item"><strong>crontab</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>crontab [-c DIR] [-u USER] [-ler]|[FILE]</p>
<pre>
        -c      Crontab directory
        -u      User
        -l      List crontab
        -e      Edit crontab
        -r      Delete crontab
        FILE    Replace crontab by FILE ('-': stdin)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cryptpw" class="item"><strong>cryptpw</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cryptpw [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]</p>
<p>Crypt PASSWORD using <code>crypt(3)</code></p>
<pre>
        -P,--password-fd=N      Read password from fd N
        -m,--method=TYPE        Encryption method
        -S,--salt=SALT</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cttyhack" class="item"><strong>cttyhack</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cttyhack [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Give PROG a controlling tty if possible.
Example for /etc/inittab (for busybox init):
	::respawn:/bin/cttyhack /bin/sh
Giving controlling tty to shell running with PID 1:
	$ exec cttyhack sh
Starting interactive shell from boot shell script:</p>
<pre>
        setsid cttyhack sh</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="cut" class="item"><strong>cut</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>cut [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print selected fields from each input FILE to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
        -c LIST Output only characters from LIST
        -d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
        -s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
        -f N    Print only these fields
        -n      Ignored</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="date" class="item"><strong>date</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>date [OPTIONS] [+FMT] [TIME]</p>
<p>Display time (using +FMT), or set time</p>
<pre>
        [-s,--set] TIME Set time to TIME
        -u,--utc        Work in UTC (don't convert to local time)
        -R,--rfc-2822   Output RFC-2822 compliant date string
        -I[SPEC]        Output ISO-8601 compliant date string
                        SPEC='date' (default) for date only,
                        'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
                        time to the indicated precision
        -r,--reference FILE     Display last modification time of FILE
        -d,--date TIME  Display TIME, not 'now'
        -D FMT          Use FMT for -d TIME conversion</pre>
<p>Recognized TIME formats:</p>
<pre>
        hh:mm[:ss]
        [YYYY.]MM.DD-hh:mm[:ss]
        YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm[:ss]
        [[[[[YY]YY]MM]DD]hh]mm[.ss]
        'date TIME' form accepts MMDDhhmm[[YY]YY][.ss] instead</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dc" class="item"><strong>dc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dc EXPRESSION...</p>
<p>Tiny RPN calculator. Operations:
+, add, -, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor,
p - print top of the stack (without popping),
f - print entire stack,
o - pop the value and set output radix (must be 10, 16, 8 or 2).
Examples: 'dc 2 2 add p' -&gt; 4, 'dc 8 8 * 2 2 + / p' -&gt; 16</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dd" class="item"><strong>dd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>dd [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
<tr><td><td>[seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync|fsync]</table></p>
<p>Copy a file with converting and formatting</p>
<pre>
        if=FILE         Read from FILE instead of stdin
        of=FILE         Write to FILE instead of stdout
        bs=N            Read and write N bytes at a time
        ibs=N           Read N bytes at a time
        obs=N           Write N bytes at a time
        count=N         Copy only N input blocks
        skip=N          Skip N input blocks
        seek=N          Skip N output blocks
        conv=notrunc    Don't truncate output file
        conv=noerror    Continue after read errors
        conv=sync       Pad blocks with zeros
        conv=fsync      Physically write data out before finishing</pre>
<p>Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024),
MD (x1000000), M (x1048576), GD (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="deallocvt" class="item"><strong>deallocvt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>deallocvt [N]</p>
<p>Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="delgroup" class="item"><strong>delgroup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>delgroup [USER] GROUP</p>
<p>Delete group GROUP from the system or user USER from group GROUP</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="deluser" class="item"><strong>deluser</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>deluser USER</p>
<p>Delete USER from the system</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="depmod" class="item"><strong>depmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>depmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="devmem" class="item"><strong>devmem</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>devmem ADDRESS [WIDTH [VALUE]]</p>
<p>Read/write from physical address</p>
<pre>
        ADDRESS Address to act upon
        WIDTH   Width (8/16/...)
        VALUE   Data to be written</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="df" class="item"><strong>df</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>df [-Pkmhai] [-B SIZE] [FILESYSTEM]...</p>
<p>Print filesystem usage statistics</p>
<pre>
        -P      POSIX output format
        -k      1024-byte blocks (default)
        -m      1M-byte blocks
        -h      Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
        -a      Show all filesystems
        -i      Inodes
        -B SIZE Blocksize</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dhcprelay" class="item"><strong>dhcprelay</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dhcprelay CLIENT_IFACE[,CLIENT_IFACE2]... SERVER_IFACE [SERVER_IP]</p>
<p>Relay DHCP requests between clients and server</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="diff" class="item"><strong>diff</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>diff [-abBdiNqrTstw] [-L LABEL] [-S FILE] [-U LINES] FILE1 FILE2</p>
<p>Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
This implementation supports unified diffs only.</p>
<pre>
        -a      Treat all files as text
        -b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
        -B      Ignore changes whose lines are all blank
        -d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
        -i      Ignore case differences
        -L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
        -N      Treat absent files as empty
        -q      Output only whether files differ
        -r      Recurse
        -S      Start with FILE when comparing directories
        -T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
        -s      Report when two files are the same
        -t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
        -U      Output LINES lines of context
        -w      Ignore all whitespace</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dirname" class="item"><strong>dirname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dirname FILENAME</p>
<p>Strip non-directory suffix from FILENAME</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dmesg" class="item"><strong>dmesg</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dmesg [-c] [-n LEVEL] [-s SIZE]</p>
<p>Print or control the kernel ring buffer</p>
<pre>
        -c              Clear ring buffer after printing
        -n LEVEL        Set console logging level
        -s SIZE         Buffer size</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dnsd" class="item"><strong>dnsd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dnsd [-dvs] [-c CONFFILE] [-t TTL_SEC] [-p PORT] [-i ADDR]</p>
<p>Small static DNS server daemon</p>
<pre>
        -c FILE Config file
        -t SEC  TTL
        -p PORT Listen on PORT
        -i ADDR Listen on ADDR
        -d      Daemonize
        -v      Verbose
        -s      Send successful replies only. Use this if you want
                to use /etc/resolv.conf with two nameserver lines:
                        nameserver DNSD_SERVER
                        nameserver NORMAL_DNS_SERVER</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dos2unix" class="item"><strong>dos2unix</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dos2unix [-ud] [FILE]</p>
<p>Convert FILE in-place from DOS to Unix format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.</p>
<pre>
        -u      dos2unix
        -d      unix2dos</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="du" class="item"><strong>du</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>du [-aHLdclsxhmk] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Summarize disk space used for each FILE and/or directory</p>
<pre>
        -a      Show file sizes too
        -L      Follow all symlinks
        -H      Follow symlinks on command line
        -d N    Limit output to directories (and files with -a) of depth &lt; N
        -c      Show grand total
        -l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
        -s      Display only a total for each argument
        -x      Skip directories on different filesystems
        -h      Sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
        -m      Sizes in megabytes
        -k      Sizes in kilobytes (default)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dumpkmap" class="item"><strong>dumpkmap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dumpkmap &gt; keymap</p>
<p>Print a binary keyboard translation table to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="dumpleases" class="item"><strong>dumpleases</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>dumpleases [-r|-a] [-f LEASEFILE]</p>
<p>Display DHCP leases granted by udhcpd</p>
<pre>
        -f,--file=FILE  Lease file
        -r,--remaining  Show remaining time
        -a,--absolute   Show expiration time</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="echo" class="item"><strong>echo</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>echo [-neE] [ARG]...</p>
<p>Print the specified ARGs to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -n      Suppress trailing newline
        -e      Interpret backslash escapes (i.e., \t=tab)
        -E      Don't interpret backslash escapes (default)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ed" class="item"><strong>ed</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ed</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="eject" class="item"><strong>eject</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>eject [-t] [-T] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Eject DEVICE or default /dev/cdrom</p>
<pre>
        -s      SCSI device
        -t      Close tray
        -T      Open/close tray (toggle)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="env" class="item"><strong>env</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>env [-iu] [-] [name=value]... [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Print the current environment or run PROG after setting up
the specified environment</p>
<pre>
        -, -i   Start with an empty environment
        -u      Remove variable from the environment</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="envdir" class="item"><strong>envdir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>envdir DIR PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Set various environment variables as specified by files
in the directory DIR, run PROG</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="envuidgid" class="item"><strong>envuidgid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>envuidgid USER PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Set $UID to USER's uid and $GID to USER's gid, run PROG</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ether_wake" class="item"><strong>ether-wake</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ether-wake [-b] [-i iface] [-p aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]] MAC</p>
<p>Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines.
MAC must be a station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or
a hostname with a known 'ethers' entry.</p>
<pre>
        -b              Send wake-up packet to the broadcast address
        -i iface        Interface to use (default eth0)
        -p pass         Append four or six byte password PW to the packet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="expand" class="item"><strong>expand</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>expand [-i] [-t N] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Convert tabs to spaces, writing to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -i,--initial    Don't convert tabs after non blanks
        -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="expr" class="item"><strong>expr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>expr EXPRESSION</p>
<p>Print the value of EXPRESSION to stdout</p>
<p>EXPRESSION may be:</p>
<pre>
        ARG1 | ARG2     ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
        ARG1 &amp; ARG2     ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
        ARG1 &lt; ARG2     1 if ARG1 is less than ARG2, else 0. Similarly:
        ARG1 &lt;= ARG2
        ARG1 = ARG2
        ARG1 != ARG2
        ARG1 &gt;= ARG2
        ARG1 &gt; ARG2
        ARG1 + ARG2     Sum of ARG1 and ARG2. Similarly:
        ARG1 - ARG2
        ARG1 * ARG2
        ARG1 / ARG2
        ARG1 % ARG2
        STRING : REGEXP         Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
        match STRING REGEXP     Same as STRING : REGEXP
        substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
        index STRING CHARS      Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
        length STRING           Length of STRING
        quote TOKEN             Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
                                it is a keyword like 'match' or an
                                operator like '/'
        (EXPRESSION)            Value of EXPRESSION</pre>
<p>Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\( and \) or null; if \( and \) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fakeidentd" class="item"><strong>fakeidentd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fakeidentd [-fiw] [-b ADDR] [STRING]</p>
<p>Provide fake ident (auth) service</p>
<pre>
        -f      Run in foreground
        -i      Inetd mode
        -w      Inetd 'wait' mode
        -b ADDR Bind to specified address
        STRING  Ident answer string (default: nobody)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="false" class="item"><strong>false</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>false</p>
<p>Return an exit code of FALSE (1)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fbset" class="item"><strong>fbset</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fbset [OPTIONS] [MODE]</p>
<p>Show and modify frame buffer settings</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fbsplash" class="item"><strong>fbsplash</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fbsplash -s IMGFILE [-c] [-d DEV] [-i INIFILE] [-f CMD]</p>
<pre>
        -s      Image
        -c      Hide cursor
        -d      Framebuffer device (default /dev/fb0)
        -i      Config file (var=value):
                        BAR_LEFT,BAR_TOP,BAR_WIDTH,BAR_HEIGHT
                        BAR_R,BAR_G,BAR_B
        -f      Control pipe (else exit after drawing image)
                        commands: 'NN' (% for progress bar) or 'exit'</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fdflush" class="item"><strong>fdflush</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fdflush DEVICE</p>
<p>Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fdformat" class="item"><strong>fdformat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fdformat [-n] DEVICE</p>
<p>Format floppy disk</p>
<pre>
        -n      Don't verify after format</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fdisk" class="item"><strong>fdisk</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fdisk [-ul] [-C CYLINDERS] [-H HEADS] [-S SECTORS] [-b SSZ] DISK</p>
<p>Change partition table</p>
<pre>
        -u              Start and End are in sectors (instead of cylinders)
        -l              Show partition table for each DISK, then exit
        -b 2048         (for certain MO disks) use 2048-byte sectors
        -C CYLINDERS    Set number of cylinders/heads/sectors
        -H HEADS
        -S SECTORS</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fgconsole" class="item"><strong>fgconsole</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fgconsole</p>
<p>Get active console</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="find" class="item"><strong>find</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>find [PATH]... [OPTIONS] [ACTIONS]</p>
<p>Search for files and perform actions on them.
First failed action stops processing of current file.
Defaults: PATH is current directory, action is '-print'</p>
<pre>
        -follow         Follow symlinks
        -xdev           Don't descend directories on other filesystems
        -maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. -maxdepth 0 applies
                        actions to command line arguments only
        -mindepth N     Don't act on first N levels
        -depth          Act on directory *after* traversing it</pre>
<p>Actions:</p>
<pre>
        ( ACTIONS )     Group actions for -o / -a
        ! ACT           Invert ACT's success/failure
        ACT1 [-a] ACT2  If ACT1 fails, stop, else do ACT2
        ACT1 -o ACT2    If ACT1 succeeds, stop, else do ACT2
                        Note: -a has higher priority than -o
        -name PATTERN   Match file name (w/o directory name) to PATTERN
        -iname PATTERN  Case insensitive -name
        -path PATTERN   Match path to PATTERN
        -ipath PATTERN  Case insensitive -path
        -regex PATTERN  Match path to regex PATTERN
        -type X         File type is X (one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
        -perm MASK      At least one mask bit (+MASK), all bits (-MASK),
                        or exactly MASK bits are set in file's mode
        -mtime DAYS     mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N days in the past
        -mmin MINS      mtime is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N minutes in the past
        -newer FILE     mtime is more recent than FILE's
        -inum N         File has inode number N
        -user NAME/ID   File is owned by given user
        -group NAME/ID  File is owned by given group
        -size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.))
                        +/-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
        -links N        Number of links is greater than (+N), less than (-N),
                        or exactly N
        -prune          If current file is directory, don't descend into it
If none of the following actions is specified, -print is assumed
        -print          Print file name
        -print0         Print file name, NUL terminated
        -exec CMD ARG ; Run CMD with all instances of {} replaced by
                        file name. Fails if CMD exits with nonzero
        -delete         Delete current file/directory. Turns on -depth option</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="findfs" class="item"><strong>findfs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>findfs LABEL=label or UUID=uuid</p>
<p>Find a filesystem device based on a label or UUID</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="flock" class="item"><strong>flock</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>flock [-sxun] FD|{FILE [-c] PROG ARGS}</p>
<p>[Un]lock file descriptor, or lock FILE, run PROG</p>
<pre>
        -s      Shared lock
        -x      Exclusive lock (default)
        -u      Unlock FD
        -n      Fail rather than wait</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fold" class="item"><strong>fold</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fold [-bs] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Wrap input lines in each FILE (or stdin), writing to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -b      Count bytes rather than columns
        -s      Break at spaces
        -w      Use WIDTH columns instead of 80</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="free" class="item"><strong>free</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>free [-b/k/m/g]</p>
<p>Display the amount of free and used system memory</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="freeramdisk" class="item"><strong>freeramdisk</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>freeramdisk DEVICE</p>
<p>Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fsck" class="item"><strong>fsck</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fsck [-ANPRTV] [-C FD] [-t FSTYPE] [FS_OPTS] [BLOCKDEV]...</p>
<p>Check and repair filesystems</p>
<pre>
        -A      Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
        -N      Don't execute, just show what would be done
        -P      With -A, check filesystems in parallel
        -R      With -A, skip the root filesystem
        -T      Don't show title on startup
        -V      Verbose
        -C n    Write status information to specified filedescriptor
        -t TYPE List of filesystem types to check</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fsck_minix" class="item"><strong>fsck.minix</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fsck.minix [-larvsmf] BLOCKDEV</p>
<p>Check MINIX filesystem</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all filenames
        -r      Perform interactive repairs
        -a      Perform automatic repairs
        -v      Verbose
        -s      Output superblock information
        -m      Show &quot;mode not cleared&quot; warnings
        -f      Force file system check</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fsync" class="item"><strong>fsync</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fsync [-d] FILE...</p>
<p>Write files' buffered blocks to disk</p>
<pre>
        -d      Avoid syncing metadata</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ftpd" class="item"><strong>ftpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ftpd [-wvS] [-t N] [-T N] [DIR]</p>
<p>Anonymous FTP server</p>
<p>ftpd should be used as an inetd service.
ftpd's line for inetd.conf:
	21 stream tcp nowait root ftpd ftpd /files/to/serve
It also can be ran from tcpsvd:</p>
<pre>
        tcpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 21 ftpd /files/to/serve</pre>
<pre>
        -w      Allow upload
        -v      Log errors to stderr. -vv: verbose log
        -S      Log errors to syslog. -SS: verbose log
        -t,-T   Idle and absolute timeouts
        DIR     Change root to this directory</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ftpget" class="item"><strong>ftpget</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ftpget [OPTIONS] HOST [LOCAL_FILE] REMOTE_FILE</p>
<p>Download a file via FTP</p>
<pre>
        -c,--continue           Continue previous transfer
        -v,--verbose            Verbose
        -u,--username USER      Username
        -p,--password PASS      Password
        -P,--port NUM           Port</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ftpput" class="item"><strong>ftpput</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ftpput [OPTIONS] HOST [REMOTE_FILE] LOCAL_FILE</p>
<p>Upload a file to a FTP server</p>
<pre>
        -v,--verbose            Verbose
        -u,--username USER      Username
        -p,--password PASS      Password
        -P,--port NUM           Port</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="fuser" class="item"><strong>fuser</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>fuser [OPTIONS] FILE or PORT/PROTO</p>
<p>Find processes which use FILEs or PORTs</p>
<pre>
        -m      Find processes which use same fs as FILEs
        -4,-6   Search only IPv4/IPv6 space
        -s      Don't display PIDs
        -k      Kill found processes
        -SIGNAL Signal to send (default: KILL)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="getopt" class="item"><strong>getopt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>getopt [OPTIONS] [--] OPTSTRING PARAMS</p>
<pre>
        -a,--alternative                Allow long options starting with single -
        -l,--longoptions=LOPT[,...]     Long options to be recognized
        -n,--name=PROGNAME              The name under which errors are reported
        -o,--options=OPTSTRING          Short options to be recognized
        -q,--quiet                      Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
        -Q,--quiet-output               No normal output
        -s,--shell=SHELL                Set shell quoting conventions
        -T,--test                       Test for getopt(1) version
        -u,--unquoted                   Don't quote the output</pre>
<p>Example:</p>
<p>O=`getopt -l bb: -- ab:c:: &quot;$@&quot;` || exit 1
eval set -- &quot;$O&quot;
while true; do
	case &quot;$1&quot; in
	-a)	echo A; shift;;
	-b|--bb) echo &quot;B:'$2'&quot;; shift 2;;
	-c)	case &quot;$2&quot; in
		&quot;&quot;)	echo C; shift 2;;
		*)	echo &quot;C:'$2'&quot;; shift 2;;
		esac;;
	--)	shift; break;;
	*)	echo Error; exit 1;;
	esac
done</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="getty" class="item"><strong>getty</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>getty [OPTIONS] BAUD_RATE[,BAUD_RATE]... TTY [TERMTYPE]</p>
<p>Open TTY, prompt for login name, then invoke /bin/login</p>
<pre>
        -h              Enable hardware RTS/CTS flow control
        -L              Set CLOCAL (ignore Carrier Detect state)
        -m              Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
        -n              Don't prompt for login name
        -w              Wait for CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
        -i              Don't display /etc/issue
        -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
        -l LOGIN        Invoke LOGIN instead of /bin/login
        -t SEC          Terminate after SEC if no login name is read
        -I INITSTR      Send INITSTR before anything else
        -H HOST         Log HOST into the utmp file as the hostname</pre>
<p>BAUD_RATE of 0 leaves it unchanged</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="grep" class="item"><strong>grep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>grep [-HhnlLoqvsriwFE] [-m N] [-A/B/C N] PATTERN/-e PATTERN.../-f FILE [FILE]...</p>
<p>Search for PATTERN in FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -H      Add 'filename:' prefix
        -h      Do not add 'filename:' prefix
        -n      Add 'line_no:' prefix
        -l      Show only names of files that match
        -L      Show only names of files that don't match
        -c      Show only count of matching lines
        -o      Show only the matching part of line
        -q      Quiet. Return 0 if PATTERN is found, 1 otherwise
        -v      Select non-matching lines
        -s      Suppress open and read errors
        -r      Recurse
        -i      Ignore case
        -w      Match whole words only
        -x      Match whole lines only
        -F      PATTERN is a literal (not regexp)
        -E      PATTERN is an extended regexp
        -m N    Match up to N times per file
        -A N    Print N lines of trailing context
        -B N    Print N lines of leading context
        -C N    Same as '-A N -B N'
        -e PTRN Pattern to match
        -f FILE Read pattern from file</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="groups" class="item"><strong>groups</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>groups [USER]</p>
<p>Print the group memberships of USER or for the current process</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="gunzip" class="item"><strong>gunzip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>gunzip [-cft] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force
        -t      Test file integrity</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="gzip" class="item"><strong>gzip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>gzip [-cfd] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Compress FILEs (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="halt" class="item"><strong>halt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>halt [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f] [-w]</p>
<p>Halt the system</p>
<pre>
        -d SEC  Delay interval
        -n      Do not sync
        -f      Force (don't go through init)
        -w      Only write a wtmp record</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hd" class="item"><strong>hd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hd FILE...</p>
<p>hd is an alias for hexdump -C</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hdparm" class="item"><strong>hdparm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hdparm [OPTIONS] [DEVICE]</p>
<pre>
        -a      Get/set fs readahead
        -A      Set drive read-lookahead flag (0/1)
        -b      Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
        -B      Set Advanced Power Management setting (1-255)
        -c      Get/set IDE 32-bit IO setting
        -C      Check IDE power mode status
        -d      Get/set using_dma flag
        -D      Enable/disable drive defect-mgmt
        -f      Flush buffer cache for device on exit
        -g      Display drive geometry
        -h      Display terse usage information
        -i      Display drive identification
        -I      Detailed/current information directly from drive
        -k      Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
        -K      Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
        -L      Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
        -m      Get/set multiple sector count
        -n      Get/set ignore-write-errors flag (0/1)
        -p      Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
        -P      Set drive prefetch count
        -Q      Get/set DMA tagged-queuing depth (if supported)
        -r      Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
        -R      Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
        -S      Set standby (spindown) timeout
        -t      Perform device read timings
        -T      Perform cache read timings
        -u      Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
        -U      Unregister an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
        -v      Defaults; same as -mcudkrag for IDE drives
        -V      Display program version and exit immediately
        -w      Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
        -W      Set drive write-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
        -x      Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
        -X      Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
        -y      Put IDE drive in standby mode
        -Y      Put IDE drive to sleep
        -Z      Disable Seagate auto-powersaving mode
        -z      Reread partition table</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="head" class="item"><strong>head</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>head [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print first 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.</p>
<pre>
        -n N[kbm]       Print first N lines
        -c N[kbm]       Print first N bytes
        -q              Never print headers
        -v              Always print headers</pre>
<p>N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hexdump" class="item"><strong>hexdump</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hexdump [-bcCdefnosvxR] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Display FILEs (or stdin) in a user specified format</p>
<pre>
        -b              One-byte octal display
        -c              One-byte character display
        -C              Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
        -d              Two-byte decimal display
        -e FORMAT_STRING
        -f FORMAT_FILE
        -n LENGTH       Interpret only LENGTH bytes of input
        -o              Two-byte octal display
        -s OFFSET       Skip OFFSET bytes
        -v              Display all input data
        -x              Two-byte hexadecimal display
        -R              Reverse of 'hexdump -Cv'</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hostid" class="item"><strong>hostid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hostid</p>
<p>Print out a unique 32-bit identifier for the machine</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hostname" class="item"><strong>hostname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hostname [OPTIONS] [HOSTNAME | -F FILE]</p>
<p>Get or set hostname or DNS domain name</p>
<pre>
        -s      Short
        -i      Addresses for the hostname
        -d      DNS domain name
        -f      Fully qualified domain name
        -F FILE Use FILE's content as hostname</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="httpd" class="item"><strong>httpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>httpd [-ifv[v]] [-c CONFFILE] [-p [IP:]PORT] [-u USER[:GRP]] [-r REALM] [-h HOME]
or httpd -d/-e/-m STRING</p>
<p>Listen for incoming HTTP requests</p>
<pre>
        -i              Inetd mode
        -f              Don't daemonize
        -v[v]           Verbose
        -p [IP:]PORT    Bind to IP:PORT (default *:80)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
        -r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
        -h HOME         Home directory (default .)
        -c FILE         Configuration file (default {/etc,HOME}/httpd.conf)
        -m STRING       MD5 crypt STRING
        -e STRING       HTML encode STRING
        -d STRING       URL decode STRING</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hush" class="item"><strong>hush</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hush [-nxl] [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]]</p>
<p>Unix shell interpreter</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="hwclock" class="item"><strong>hwclock</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>hwclock [-r|--show] [-s|--hctosys] [-w|--systohc] [-t|--systz] [-l|--localtime] [-u|--utc] [-f|--rtc FILE]</p>
<p>Query and set hardware clock (RTC)</p>
<pre>
        -r      Show hardware clock time
        -s      Set system time from hardware clock
        -w      Set hardware clock from system time
        -t      Set in-kernel timezone, correct system time
                if hardware clock is in local time
        -u      Assume hardware clock is kept in UTC
        -l      Assume hardware clock is kept in local time
        -f FILE Use specified device (e.g. /dev/rtc2)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="id" class="item"><strong>id</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>id [OPTIONS] [USER]</p>
<p>Print information about USER or the current user</p>
<pre>
        -u      User ID
        -g      Group ID
        -G      Supplementary group IDs
        -n      Print names instead of numbers
        -r      Print real ID instead of effective ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifconfig" class="item"><strong>ifconfig</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifconfig [-a] interface [address]</p>
<p>Configure a network interface</p>
<pre>
        [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
        [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
        [[-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
        [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
        [outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
        [hw ether|infiniband ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
        [[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
        [multicast] [[-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[-]dynamic]
        [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
        [up|down] ...</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifdown" class="item"><strong>ifdown</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifdown [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...</p>
<pre>
        -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
        -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
        -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                (note: doesn't disable mappings)
        -m      Don't run any mappings
        -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
        -f      Force de/configuration</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifenslave" class="item"><strong>ifenslave</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifenslave [-cdf] MASTER_IFACE SLAVE_IFACE...</p>
<p>Configure network interfaces for parallel routing</p>
<pre>
        -c,--change-active      Change active slave
        -d,--detach             Remove slave interface from bonding device
        -f,--force              Force, even if interface is not Ethernet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifplugd" class="item"><strong>ifplugd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifplugd [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Network interface plug detection daemon</p>
<pre>
        -n              Don't daemonize
        -s              Don't log to syslog
        -i IFACE        Interface
        -f/-F           Treat link detection error as link down/link up
                        (otherwise exit on error)
        -a              Don't up interface at each link probe
        -M              Monitor creation/destruction of interface
                        (otherwise it must exist)
        -r PROG         Script to run
        -x ARG          Extra argument for script
        -I              Don't exit on nonzero exit code from script
        -p              Don't run script on daemon startup
        -q              Don't run script on daemon quit
        -l              Run script on startup even if no cable is detected
        -t SECS         Poll time in seconds
        -u SECS         Delay before running script after link up
        -d SECS         Delay after link down
        -m MODE         API mode (mii, priv, ethtool, wlan, iff, auto)
        -k              Kill running daemon</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ifup" class="item"><strong>ifup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ifup [-anmvf] [-i FILE] IFACE...</p>
<pre>
        -a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
        -i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
        -n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
                (note: doesn't disable mappings)
        -m      Don't run any mappings
        -v      Print out what would happen before doing it
        -f      Force de/configuration</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="inetd" class="item"><strong>inetd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>inetd [-fe] [-q N] [-R N] [CONFFILE]</p>
<p>Listen for network connections and launch programs</p>
<pre>
        -f      Run in foreground
        -e      Log to stderr
        -q N    Socket listen queue (default: 128)
        -R N    Pause services after N connects/min
                (default: 0 - disabled)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="init" class="item"><strong>init</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>init</p>
<p>Init is the parent of all processes</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="insmod" class="item"><strong>insmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>insmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="install" class="item"><strong>install</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>install [-cdDsp] [-o USER] [-g GRP] [-m MODE] [SOURCE]... DEST</p>
<p>Copy files and set attributes</p>
<pre>
        -c      Just copy (default)
        -d      Create directories
        -D      Create leading target directories
        -s      Strip symbol table
        -p      Preserve date
        -o USER Set ownership
        -g GRP  Set group ownership
        -m MODE Set permissions</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ionice" class="item"><strong>ionice</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ionice [-c 1-3] [-n 0-7] [-p PID] [PROG]</p>
<p>Change I/O priority and class</p>
<pre>
        -c      Class. 1:realtime 2:best-effort 3:idle
        -n      Priority</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iostat" class="item"><strong>iostat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>iostat [-c] [-d] [-t] [-z] [-k|-m] [ALL|BLOCKDEV...] [INTERVAL [COUNT]]</p>
<p>Report CPU and I/O statistics</p>
<pre>
        -c      Show CPU utilization
        -d      Show device utilization
        -t      Print current time
        -z      Omit devices with no activity
        -k      Use kb/s
        -m      Use Mb/s</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ip" class="item"><strong>ip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ip [OPTIONS] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {COMMAND}</p>
<p>ip [OPTIONS] OBJECT {COMMAND}
where OBJECT := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule}
OPTIONS := { -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | -o[neline] }</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipaddr" class="item"><strong>ipaddr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>ipaddr { {add|del} IFADDR dev STRING | {show|flush}
<tr><td><td>[dev STRING] [to PREFIX] }</table></p>
<p>ipaddr {add|delete} IFADDR dev STRING
ipaddr {show|flush} [dev STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID]
	[to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
	IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
	[broadcast ADDR] [anycast ADDR]
	[label STRING] [scope SCOPE-ID]
	SCOPE-ID := [host | link | global | NUMBER]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipcalc" class="item"><strong>ipcalc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ipcalc [OPTIONS] ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [NETMASK]</p>
<p>Calculate IP network settings from a IP address</p>
<pre>
        -b,--broadcast  Display calculated broadcast address
        -n,--network    Display calculated network address
        -m,--netmask    Display default netmask for IP
        -p,--prefix     Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
        -h,--hostname   Display first resolved host name
        -s,--silent     Don't ever display error messages</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipcrm" class="item"><strong>ipcrm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ipcrm [-MQS key] [-mqs id]</p>
<p>Upper-case options MQS remove an object by shmkey value.
Lower-case options remove an object by shmid value.</p>
<pre>
        -mM     Remove memory segment after last detach
        -qQ     Remove message queue
        -sS     Remove semaphore</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ipcs" class="item"><strong>ipcs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ipcs [[-smq] -i shmid] | [[-asmq] [-tcplu]]</p>
<pre>
        -i      Show specific resource
Resource specification:</pre>
<pre>
        -m      Shared memory segments
        -q      Message queues
        -s      Semaphore arrays
        -a      All (default)
Output format:</pre>
<pre>
        -t      Time
        -c      Creator
        -p      Pid
        -l      Limits
        -u      Summary</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iplink" class="item"><strong>iplink</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>iplink { set DEVICE { up | down | arp { on | off } | show [DEVICE] }</p>
<p>iplink set DEVICE { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } |
			dynamic { on | off } |
			mtu MTU }
iplink show [DEVICE]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iproute" class="item"><strong>iproute</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iproute { list | flush | add | del | change | append |
<tr><td><td>replace | test } ROUTE</table></p>
<p>iproute { list | flush } SELECTOR
iproute get ADDRESS [from ADDRESS iif STRING]
	[oif STRING] [tos TOS]
iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | test } ROUTE
	SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO]
	ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [tos TOS] [proto RTPROTO] [metric METRIC]</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iprule" class="item"><strong>iprule</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>iprule {[list | add | del] RULE}</p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iprule [list | add | del] SELECTOR ACTION
<tr><td><td>SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK]
<tr><td><td>[dev STRING] [pref NUMBER]
<tr><td><td>ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDRESS]
<tr><td><td>[prohibit | reject | unreachable]
<tr><td><td>[realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
<tr><td><td>TABLE_ID := [local | main | default | NUMBER]</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="iptunnel" class="item"><strong>iptunnel</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME]
<tr><td><td>[mode { ipip | gre | sit }]
<tr><td><td>[remote ADDR] [local ADDR] [ttl TTL]</table></p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [NAME]
<tr><td><td>[mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR]
<tr><td><td>[[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum]
<tr><td><td>[ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="kbd_mode" class="item"><strong>kbd_mode</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>kbd_mode [-a|k|s|u] [-C TTY]</p>
<p>Report or set the keyboard mode</p>
<pre>
        -a      Default (ASCII)
        -k      Medium-raw (keyboard)
        -s      Raw (scancode)
        -u      Unicode (utf-8)
        -C TTY  Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="kill" class="item"><strong>kill</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>kill [-l] [-SIG] PID...</p>
<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to given PIDs</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signal names and numbers</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="killall" class="item"><strong>killall</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>killall [-l] [-q] [-SIG] PROCESS_NAME...</p>
<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to given processes</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signal names and numbers
        -q      Don't complain if no processes were killed</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="killall5" class="item"><strong>killall5</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>killall5 [-l] [-SIG] [-o PID]...</p>
<p>Send a signal (default: TERM) to all processes outside current session</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signal names and numbers
        -o PID  Don't signal this PID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="klogd" class="item"><strong>klogd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>klogd [-c N] [-n]</p>
<p>Kernel logger</p>
<pre>
        -c N    Print to console messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
        -n      Run in foreground</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="last" class="item"><strong>last</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>last [-HW] [-f FILE]</p>
<p>Show listing of the last users that logged into the system</p>
<pre>
        -W      Display with no host column truncation
        -f FILE Read from FILE instead of /var/log/wtmp</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="less" class="item"><strong>less</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>less [-EMmNh~I?] [FILE]...</p>
<p>View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time</p>
<pre>
        -E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
        -M,-m   Display status line with line numbers
                and percentage through the file
        -N      Prefix line number to each line
        -I      Ignore case in all searches
        -~      Suppress ~s displayed past EOF</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ln" class="item"><strong>ln</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ln [OPTIONS] TARGET... LINK|DIR</p>
<p>Create a link LINK or DIR/TARGET to the specified TARGET(s)</p>
<pre>
        -s      Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
        -f      Remove existing destinations
        -n      Don't dereference symlinks - treat like normal file
        -b      Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
        -S suf  Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="loadfont" class="item"><strong>loadfont</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>loadfont &lt; font</p>
<p>Load a console font from stdin</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="loadkmap" class="item"><strong>loadkmap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>loadkmap &lt; keymap</p>
<p>Load a binary keyboard translation table from stdin</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="logger" class="item"><strong>logger</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>logger [OPTIONS] [MESSAGE]</p>
<p>Write MESSAGE (or stdin) to syslog</p>
<pre>
        -s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
        -t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
        -p PRIO Priority (numeric or facility.level pair)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="login" class="item"><strong>login</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>login [-p] [-h HOST] [[-f] USER]</p>
<p>Begin a new session on the system</p>
<pre>
        -f      Don't authenticate (user already authenticated)
        -h      Name of the remote host
        -p      Preserve environment</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="logname" class="item"><strong>logname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>logname</p>
<p>Print the name of the current user</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="logread" class="item"><strong>logread</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>logread [-f]</p>
<p>Show messages in syslogd's circular buffer</p>
<pre>
        -f      Output data as log grows</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="losetup" class="item"><strong>losetup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>losetup [-r] [-o OFS] LOOPDEV FILE - associate loop devices
<tr><td><td>losetup -d LOOPDEV - disassociate
<tr><td><td>losetup [-f] - show</table></p>
<pre>
        -o OFS  Start OFS bytes into FILE
        -r      Read-only
        -f      Show first free loop device</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lpd" class="item"><strong>lpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lpd SPOOLDIR [HELPER [ARGS]]</p>
<p>SPOOLDIR must contain (symlinks to) device nodes or directories
with names matching print queue names. In the first case, jobs are
sent directly to the device. Otherwise each job is stored in queue
directory and HELPER program is called. Name of file to print
is passed in $DATAFILE variable.
Example:</p>
<pre>
        tcpsvd -E 0 515 softlimit -m 999999 lpd /var/spool ./print</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lpq" class="item"><strong>lpq</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lpq [-P queue[@host[:port]]] [-U USERNAME] [-d JOBID]... [-fs]</p>
<pre>
        -P      lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
        -d      Delete jobs
        -f      Force any waiting job to be printed
        -s      Short display</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lpr" class="item"><strong>lpr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lpr -P queue[@host[:port]] -U USERNAME -J TITLE -Vmh [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -P      lp service to connect to (else uses $PRINTER)
        -m      Send mail on completion
        -h      Print banner page too
        -V      Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ls" class="item"><strong>ls</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ls [-1AaCxdLHRFplinsehrSXvctu] [-w WIDTH] [FILE]...</p>
<p>List directory contents</p>
<pre>
        -1      One column output
        -a      Include entries which start with .
        -A      Like -a, but exclude . and ..
        -C      List by columns
        -x      List by lines
        -d      List directory entries instead of contents
        -L      Follow symlinks
        -H      Follow symlinks on command line
        -R      Recurse
        -p      Append / to dir entries
        -F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
        -l      Long listing format
        -i      List inode numbers
        -n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
        -s      List allocated blocks
        -e      List full date and time
        -h      List sizes in human readable format (1K 243M 2G)
        -r      Sort in reverse order
        -S      Sort by size
        -X      Sort by extension
        -v      Sort by version
        -c      With -l: sort by ctime
        -t      With -l: sort by mtime
        -u      With -l: sort by atime
        -w N    Assume the terminal is N columns wide
        --color[={always,never,auto}]   Control coloring</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lsattr" class="item"><strong>lsattr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lsattr [-Radlv] [FILE]...</p>
<p>List file attributes on an ext2 fs</p>
<pre>
        -R      Recurse
        -a      Don't hide entries starting with .
        -d      List directory entries instead of contents
        -l      List long flag names
        -v      List the file's version/generation number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lsmod" class="item"><strong>lsmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lsmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lsof" class="item"><strong>lsof</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lsof</p>
<p>Show all open files</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lspci" class="item"><strong>lspci</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lspci [-mk]</p>
<p>List all PCI devices</p>
<pre>
        -m      Parsable output
        -k      Show driver</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzcat" class="item"><strong>lzcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzma" class="item"><strong>lzma</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzma -d [-cf] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzop" class="item"><strong>lzop</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzop [-cfvd123456789CF] [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -1..9   Compression level
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force
        -v      Verbose
        -F      Don't store or verify checksum
        -C      Also write checksum of compressed block</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="lzopcat" class="item"><strong>lzopcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>lzopcat [-vCF] [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose
        -F      Don't store or verify checksum</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="makedevs" class="item"><strong>makedevs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>makedevs [-d device_table] rootdir</p>
<p>Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
Device table entries take the form of:</p>
<p>&lt;name&gt; &lt;type&gt; &lt;mode&gt; &lt;uid&gt; &lt;gid&gt; &lt;major&gt; &lt;minor&gt; &lt;start&gt; &lt;inc&gt; &lt;count&gt;
Where name is the file name, type can be one of:
	f	Regular file
	d	Directory
	c	Character device
	b	Block device
	p	Fifo (named pipe)
uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the
target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to
to device special files. A '-' may be used for blank entries.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="makemime" class="item"><strong>makemime</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>makemime [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Create multipart MIME-encoded message from FILEs</p>
<pre>
        -o FILE Output. Default: stdout
        -a HDR  Add header(s). Examples:
                &quot;From: user@host.org&quot;, &quot;Date: `date -R`&quot;
        -c CT   Content type. Default: application/octet-stream
        -C CS   Charset. Default: us-ascii</pre>
<p>Other options are silently ignored</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="man" class="item"><strong>man</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>man [-aw] [MANPAGE]...</p>
<p>Format and display manual page</p>
<pre>
        -a      Display all pages
        -w      Show page locations</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="md5sum" class="item"><strong>md5sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>md5sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print or check MD5 checksums</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mdev" class="item"><strong>mdev</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mdev [-s]</p>
<p>mdev -s is to be run during boot to scan /sys and populate /dev.</p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>Bare mdev is a kernel hotplug helper. To activate it:
<tr><td><td>echo /sbin/mdev &gt;/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug</table></p>
<p>It uses /etc/mdev.conf with lines
	[-]DEVNAME UID:GID PERM [&gt;|=PATH]|[!] [@|$|*PROG]
where DEVNAME is device name regex, @major,minor[-minor2], or
environment variable regex. A common use of the latter is
to load modules for hotplugged devices:</p>
<pre>
        $MODALIAS=.* 0:0 660 @modprobe &quot;$MODALIAS&quot;</pre>
<p>If /dev/mdev.seq file exists, mdev will wait for its value
to match $SEQNUM variable. This prevents plug/unplug races.
To activate this feature, create empty /dev/mdev.seq at boot.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mesg" class="item"><strong>mesg</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mesg [y|n]</p>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>Control write access to your terminal
<tr><td><td>y<td>Allow write access to your terminal
<tr><td><td>n<td>Disallow write access to your terminal</table></p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="microcom" class="item"><strong>microcom</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>microcom [-d DELAY] [-t TIMEOUT] [-s SPEED] [-X] TTY</p>
<p>Copy bytes for stdin to TTY and from TTY to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -d      Wait up to DELAY ms for TTY output before sending every
                next byte to it
        -t      Exit if both stdin and TTY are silent for TIMEOUT ms
        -s      Set serial line to SPEED
        -X      Disable special meaning of NUL and Ctrl-X from stdin</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkdir" class="item"><strong>mkdir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...</p>
<p>Create DIRECTORY</p>
<pre>
        -m MODE Mode
        -p      No error if exists; make parent directories as needed</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkdosfs" class="item"><strong>mkdosfs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkdosfs [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Make a FAT32 filesystem</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose
        -n LBL  Volume label</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mke2fs" class="item"><strong>mke2fs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mke2fs [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<pre>
        -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
        -F              Force
        -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
        -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
        -L LBL          Volume label
        -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
        -n              Dry run</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfifo" class="item"><strong>mkfifo</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfifo [-m MODE] NAME</p>
<p>Create named pipe</p>
<pre>
        -m MODE Mode (default a=rw)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfs_ext2" class="item"><strong>mkfs.ext2</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfs.ext2 [-Fn] [-b BLK_SIZE] [-i INODE_RATIO] [-I INODE_SIZE] [-m RESERVED_PERCENT] [-L LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<pre>
        -b BLK_SIZE     Block size, bytes
        -F              Force
        -i RATIO        Max number of files is filesystem_size / RATIO
        -I BYTES        Inode size (min 128)
        -L LBL          Volume label
        -m PERCENT      Percent of blocks to reserve for admin
        -n              Dry run</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfs_minix" class="item"><strong>mkfs.minix</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfs.minix [-c | -l FILE] [-nXX] [-iXX] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Make a MINIX filesystem</p>
<pre>
        -c              Check device for bad blocks
        -n [14|30]      Maximum length of filenames
        -i INODES       Number of inodes for the filesystem
        -l FILE         Read bad blocks list from FILE
        -v              Make version 2 filesystem</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkfs_vfat" class="item"><strong>mkfs.vfat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkfs.vfat [-v] [-n LABEL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Make a FAT32 filesystem</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose
        -n LBL  Volume label</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mknod" class="item"><strong>mknod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mknod [-m MODE] NAME TYPE MAJOR MINOR</p>
<p>Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)</p>
<pre>
        -m MODE Creation mode (default a=rw)
TYPE:
        b       Block device
        c or u  Character device
        p       Named pipe (MAJOR and MINOR are ignored)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkpasswd" class="item"><strong>mkpasswd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkpasswd [OPTIONS] [PASSWORD] [SALT]</p>
<p>Crypt PASSWORD using <code>crypt(3)</code></p>
<pre>
        -P,--password-fd=N      Read password from fd N
        -m,--method=TYPE        Encryption method
        -S,--salt=SALT</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mkswap" class="item"><strong>mkswap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mkswap [-L LBL] BLOCKDEV [KBYTES]</p>
<p>Prepare BLOCKDEV to be used as swap partition</p>
<pre>
        -L LBL  Label</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mktemp" class="item"><strong>mktemp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mktemp [-dt] [-p DIR] [TEMPLATE]</p>
<p>Create a temporary file with name based on TEMPLATE and print its name.
TEMPLATE must end with XXXXXX (e.g. [/dir/]nameXXXXXX).
Without TEMPLATE, -t tmp.XXXXXX is assumed.</p>
<pre>
        -d      Make directory, not file
        -t      Prepend base directory name to TEMPLATE
        -p DIR  Use DIR as a base directory (implies -t)
        -u      Do not create anything; print a name</pre>
<p>Base directory is: -p DIR, else $TMPDIR, else /tmp</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="modinfo" class="item"><strong>modinfo</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>modinfo [-adlp0] [-F keyword] MODULE</p>
<pre>
        -a              Shortcut for '-F author'
        -d              Shortcut for '-F description'
        -l              Shortcut for '-F license'
        -p              Shortcut for '-F parm'
        -F keyword      Keyword to look for
        -0              Separate output with NULs</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="modprobe" class="item"><strong>modprobe</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>modprobe [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="more" class="item"><strong>more</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>more [FILE]...</p>
<p>View FILE (or stdin) one screenful at a time</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mount" class="item"><strong>mount</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mount [OPTIONS] [-o OPTS] DEVICE NODE</p>
<p>Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc.</p>
<pre>
        -a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
        -f              Dry run
        -r              Read-only mount
        -w              Read-write mount (default)
        -t FSTYPE[,...] Filesystem type(s)
        -O OPT          Mount only filesystems with option OPT (-a only)
-o OPT:
        loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
        [a]sync         Writes are [a]synchronous
        [no]atime       Disable/enable updates to inode access times
        [no]diratime    Disable/enable atime updates to directories
        [no]relatime    Disable/enable atime updates relative to modification time
        [no]dev         (Dis)allow use of special device files
        [no]exec        (Dis)allow use of executable files
        [no]suid        (Dis)allow set-user-id-root programs
        [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
        [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
        [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
        [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
        [r]bind         Bind a file or directory [recursively] to another location
        move            Relocate an existing mount point
        remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing flags
        ro/rw           Same as -r/-w</pre>
<p>There are filesystem-specific -o flags.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mountpoint" class="item"><strong>mountpoint</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mountpoint [-q] &lt;[-dn] DIR | -x DEVICE&gt;</p>
<p>Check if the directory is a mountpoint</p>
<pre>
        -q      Quiet
        -d      Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
        -n      Print device name of the filesystem
        -x      Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mpstat" class="item"><strong>mpstat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mpstat [-A] [-I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU] [-u] [-P num|ALL] [INTERVAL [COUNT]]</p>
<p>Per-processor statistics</p>
<pre>
        -A                      Same as -I ALL -u -P ALL
        -I SUM|CPU|ALL|SCPU     Report interrupt statistics
        -P num|ALL              Processor to monitor
        -u                      Report CPU utilization</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mt" class="item"><strong>mt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mt [-f device] opcode value</p>
<p>Control magnetic tape drive operation</p>
<p>Available Opcodes:</p>
<p>bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase
fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2
ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity
setpart tell unload unlock weof wset</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="mv" class="item"><strong>mv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>mv [-fin] SOURCE DEST
or: mv [-fin] SOURCE... DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY</p>
<pre>
        -f      Don't prompt before overwriting
        -i      Interactive, prompt before overwrite
        -n      Don't overwrite an existing file</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nameif" class="item"><strong>nameif</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nameif [-s] [-c FILE] [IFNAME SELECTOR]...</p>
<p>Rename network interface while it in the down state.
The device matched by SELECTOR is renamed to IFACE.
SELECTOR can be a combination of:</p>
<pre>
        driver=STRING
        bus=STRING
        phy_address=NUM
        [mac=]XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX</pre>
<pre>
        -c FILE Configuration file (default: /etc/mactab)
        -s      Log to syslog</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nanddump" class="item"><strong>nanddump</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nanddump [-o] [-b] [-s ADDR] [-f FILE] MTD_DEVICE</p>
<p>Dump the specified MTD device</p>
<pre>
        -o      Omit oob data
        -b      Omit bad block from the dump
        -s ADDR Start address
        -l LEN  Length
        -f FILE Dump to file ('-' for stdout)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nandwrite" class="item"><strong>nandwrite</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nandwrite [-p] [-s ADDR] MTD_DEVICE [FILE]</p>
<p>Write to the specified MTD device</p>
<pre>
        -p      Pad to page size
        -s ADDR Start address</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nbd_client" class="item"><strong>nbd-client</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nbd-client HOST PORT BLOCKDEV</p>
<p>Connect to HOST and provide a network block device on BLOCKDEV</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nc" class="item"><strong>nc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nc [-iN] [-wN] [-l] [-p PORT] [-f FILE|IPADDR PORT] [-e PROG]</p>
<p>Open a pipe to IP:PORT or FILE</p>
<pre>
        -e PROG Run PROG after connect
        -l      Listen mode, for inbound connects
                (use -l twice with -e for persistent server)
        -p PORT Local port
        -w SEC  Timeout for connect
        -i SEC  Delay interval for lines sent
        -f FILE Use file (ala /dev/ttyS0) instead of network</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="netstat" class="item"><strong>netstat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>netstat [-ral] [-tuwx] [-enWp]</p>
<p>Display networking information</p>
<pre>
        -r      Routing table
        -a      All sockets
        -l      Listening sockets
                Else: connected sockets
        -t      TCP sockets
        -u      UDP sockets
        -w      Raw sockets
        -x      Unix sockets
                Else: all socket types
        -e      Other/more information
        -n      Don't resolve names
        -W      Wide display
        -p      Show PID/program name for sockets</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nice" class="item"><strong>nice</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nice [-n ADJUST] [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Change scheduling priority, run PROG</p>
<pre>
        -n ADJUST       Adjust priority by ADJUST</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nmeter" class="item"><strong>nmeter</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nmeter [-d MSEC] FORMAT_STRING</p>
<p>Monitor system in real time</p>
<pre>
 -d MSEC        Milliseconds between updates (default:1000)</pre>
<p>Format specifiers:</p>
<pre>
 %Nc or %[cN]   CPU. N - bar size (default:10)
                (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
 %[nINTERFACE]  Network INTERFACE
 %m             Allocated memory
 %[mf]          Free memory
 %[mt]          Total memory
 %s             Allocated swap
 %f             Number of used file descriptors
 %Ni            Total/specific IRQ rate
 %x             Context switch rate
 %p             Forks
 %[pn]          # of processes
 %b             Block io
 %Nt            Time (with N decimal points)
 %r             Print &lt;cr&gt; instead of &lt;lf&gt; at EOL</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nohup" class="item"><strong>nohup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nohup PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="nslookup" class="item"><strong>nslookup</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>nslookup [HOST] [SERVER]</p>
<p>Query the nameserver for the IP address of the given HOST
optionally using a specified DNS server</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ntpd" class="item"><strong>ntpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ntpd [-dnqNwl] [-S PROG] [-p PEER]...</p>
<p>NTP client/server</p>
<pre>
        -d      Verbose
        -n      Do not daemonize
        -q      Quit after clock is set
        -N      Run at high priority
        -w      Do not set time (only query peers), implies -n
        -l      Run as server on port 123
        -S PROG Run PROG after stepping time, stratum change, and every 11 mins
        -p PEER Obtain time from PEER (may be repeated)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="od" class="item"><strong>od</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>od [-abcdfhilovxs] [-t TYPE] [-A RADIX] [-N SIZE] [-j SKIP] [-S MINSTR] [-w WIDTH] [FILE...]</p>
<p>Print FILEs (or stdin) unambiguously, as octal bytes by default</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="openvt" class="item"><strong>openvt</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>openvt [-c N] [-sw] [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Start PROG on a new virtual terminal</p>
<pre>
        -c N    Use specified VT
        -s      Switch to the VT
        -w      Wait for PROG to exit</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="passwd" class="item"><strong>passwd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>passwd [OPTIONS] [USER]</p>
<p>Change USER's password (default: current user)</p>
<pre>
        -a ALG  Encryption method
        -d      Set password to ''
        -l      Lock (disable) account
        -u      Unlock (enable) account</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="patch" class="item"><strong>patch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>patch [OPTIONS] [ORIGFILE [PATCHFILE]]</p>
<pre>
        -p,--strip N            Strip N leading components from file names
        -i,--input DIFF         Read DIFF instead of stdin
        -R,--reverse            Reverse patch
        -N,--forward            Ignore already applied patches
        -E,--remove-empty-files Remove output files if they become empty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pgrep" class="item"><strong>pgrep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pgrep [-flnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]</p>
<p>Display process(es) selected by regex PATTERN</p>
<pre>
        -l      Show command name too
        -f      Match against entire command line
        -n      Show the newest process only
        -o      Show the oldest process only
        -v      Negate the match
        -x      Match whole name (not substring)
        -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
        -P      Match parent process ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pidof" class="item"><strong>pidof</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pidof [OPTIONS] [NAME]...</p>
<p>List PIDs of all processes with names that match NAMEs</p>
<pre>
        -s      Show only one PID
        -o PID  Omit given pid
                Use %PPID to omit pid of pidof's parent</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ping" class="item"><strong>ping</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ping [OPTIONS] HOST</p>
<p>Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts</p>
<pre>
        -4,-6           Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
        -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
        -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56)
        -t TTL          Set TTL
        -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
        -W SEC          Seconds to wait for the first response (default:10)
                        (after all -c CNT packets are sent)
        -w SEC          Seconds until ping exits (default:infinite)
                        (can exit earlier with -c CNT)
        -q              Quiet, only displays output at start
                        and when finished</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ping6" class="item"><strong>ping6</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ping6 [OPTIONS] HOST</p>
<p>Send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to network hosts</p>
<pre>
        -c CNT          Send only CNT pings
        -s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default:56)
        -I IFACE/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
        -q              Quiet, only displays output at start
                        and when finished</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pivot_root" class="item"><strong>pivot_root</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pivot_root NEW_ROOT PUT_OLD</p>
<p>Move the current root file system to PUT_OLD and make NEW_ROOT
the new root file system</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pkill" class="item"><strong>pkill</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pkill [-l|-SIGNAL] [-fnovx] [-s SID|-P PPID|PATTERN]</p>
<p>Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex PATTERN</p>
<pre>
        -l      List all signals
        -f      Match against entire command line
        -n      Signal the newest process only
        -o      Signal the oldest process only
        -v      Negate the match
        -x      Match whole name (not substring)
        -s      Match session ID (0 for current)
        -P      Match parent process ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pmap" class="item"><strong>pmap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pmap [-xq] PID</p>
<p>Display detailed process memory usage</p>
<pre>
        -x      Show details
        -q      Quiet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="popmaildir" class="item"><strong>popmaildir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>popmaildir [OPTIONS] MAILDIR [CONN_HELPER ARGS]</p>
<p>Fetch content of remote mailbox to local maildir</p>
<pre>
        -s              Skip authorization
        -T              Get messages with TOP instead of RETR
        -k              Keep retrieved messages on the server
        -t SEC          Network timeout
        -F &quot;PROG ARGS&quot;  Filter program (may be repeated)
        -M &quot;PROG ARGS&quot;  Delivery program</pre>
<p>Fetch from plain POP3 server:
popmaildir -k DIR nc pop3.server.com 110 &lt;user_and_pass.txt
Fetch from SSLed POP3 server and delete fetched emails:
popmaildir DIR -- openssl s_client -quiet -connect pop3.server.com:995 &lt;user_and_pass.txt</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="poweroff" class="item"><strong>poweroff</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>poweroff [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]</p>
<p>Halt and shut off power</p>
<pre>
        -d SEC  Delay interval
        -n      Do not sync
        -f      Force (don't go through init)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="powertop" class="item"><strong>powertop</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>powertop</p>
<p>Analyze power consumption on Intel-based laptops</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="printenv" class="item"><strong>printenv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>printenv [VARIABLE]...</p>
<p>Print environment VARIABLEs.
If no VARIABLE specified, print all.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="printf" class="item"><strong>printf</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>printf FORMAT [ARG]...</p>
<p>Format and print ARG(s) according to FORMAT (a-la C printf)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ps" class="item"><strong>ps</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ps [-o COL1,COL2=HEADER] [-T]</p>
<p>Show list of processes</p>
<pre>
        -o COL1,COL2=HEADER     Select columns for display
        -T                      Show threads</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pscan" class="item"><strong>pscan</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pscan [-cb] [-p MIN_PORT] [-P MAX_PORT] [-t TIMEOUT] [-T MIN_RTT] HOST</p>
<p>Scan a host, print all open ports</p>
<pre>
        -c      Show closed ports too
        -b      Show blocked ports too
        -p      Scan from this port (default 1)
        -P      Scan up to this port (default 1024)
        -t      Timeout (default 5000 ms)
        -T      Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pstree" class="item"><strong>pstree</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pstree [-p] [PID|USER]</p>
<p>Display process tree, optionally start from USER or PID</p>
<pre>
        -p      Show pids</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pwd" class="item"><strong>pwd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pwd</p>
<p>Print the full filename of the current working directory</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="pwdx" class="item"><strong>pwdx</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>pwdx PID...</p>
<p>Show current directory for PIDs</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="raidautorun" class="item"><strong>raidautorun</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>raidautorun DEVICE</p>
<p>Tell the kernel to automatically search and start RAID arrays</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rdate" class="item"><strong>rdate</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rdate [-sp] HOST</p>
<p>Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote HOST</p>
<pre>
        -s      Set the system date and time (default)
        -p      Print the date and time</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rdev" class="item"><strong>rdev</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rdev</p>
<p>Print the device node associated with the filesystem mounted at '/'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="readlink" class="item"><strong>readlink</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>readlink [-fnv] FILE</p>
<p>Display the value of a symlink</p>
<pre>
        -f      Canonicalize by following all symlinks
        -n      Don't add newline
        -v      Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="readprofile" class="item"><strong>readprofile</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>readprofile [OPTIONS]</p>
<pre>
        -m mapfile      (Default: /boot/System.map)
        -p profile      (Default: /proc/profile)
        -M NUM          Set the profiling multiplier to NUM
        -i              Print only info about the sampling step
        -v              Verbose
        -a              Print all symbols, even if count is 0
        -b              Print individual histogram-bin counts
        -s              Print individual counters within functions
        -r              Reset all the counters (root only)
        -n              Disable byte order auto-detection</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="realpath" class="item"><strong>realpath</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>realpath FILE...</p>
<p>Return the absolute pathnames of given FILE</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="reboot" class="item"><strong>reboot</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>reboot [-d DELAY] [-n] [-f]</p>
<p>Reboot the system</p>
<pre>
        -d SEC  Delay interval
        -n      Do not sync
        -f      Force (don't go through init)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="reformime" class="item"><strong>reformime</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>reformime [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Parse MIME-encoded message on stdin</p>
<pre>
        -x PREFIX       Extract content of MIME sections to files
        -X PROG ARGS    Filter content of MIME sections through PROG
                        Must be the last option</pre>
<p>Other options are silently ignored</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="remove_shell" class="item"><strong>remove-shell</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>remove-shell SHELL...</p>
<p>Remove SHELLs from /etc/shells</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="renice" class="item"><strong>renice</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>renice {{-n INCREMENT} | PRIORITY} [[-p | -g | -u] ID...]</p>
<p>Change scheduling priority for a running process</p>
<pre>
        -n      Adjust current nice value (smaller is faster)
        -p      Process id(s) (default)
        -g      Process group id(s)
        -u      Process user name(s) and/or id(s)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="reset" class="item"><strong>reset</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>reset</p>
<p>Reset the screen</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="resize" class="item"><strong>resize</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>resize</p>
<p>Resize the screen</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rev" class="item"><strong>rev</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rev [FILE]...</p>
<p>Reverse lines of FILE</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rm" class="item"><strong>rm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rm [-irf] FILE...</p>
<p>Remove (unlink) FILEs</p>
<pre>
        -i      Always prompt before removing
        -f      Never prompt
        -R,-r   Recurse</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rmdir" class="item"><strong>rmdir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rmdir [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY...</p>
<p>Remove DIRECTORY if it is empty</p>
<pre>
        -p|--parents    Include parents
        --ignore-fail-on-non-empty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rmmod" class="item"><strong>rmmod</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rmmod [-qfwrsv] MODULE [symbol=value]...</p>
<pre>
        -r      Remove MODULE (stacks) or do autoclean
        -q      Quiet
        -v      Verbose
        -f      Force
        -w      Wait for unload
        -s      Report via syslog instead of stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="route" class="item"><strong>route</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>route [{add|del|delete}]</p>
<p>Edit kernel routing tables</p>
<pre>
        -n      Don't resolve names
        -e      Display other/more information
        -A inet{6}      Select address family</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rpm" class="item"><strong>rpm</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rpm -i PACKAGE.rpm; rpm -qp[ildc] PACKAGE.rpm</p>
<p>Manipulate RPM packages</p>
<p>Commands:</p>
<pre>
        -i      Install package
        -qp     Query package
        -i      Show information
        -l      List contents
        -d      List documents
        -c      List config files</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rpm2cpio" class="item"><strong>rpm2cpio</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rpm2cpio package.rpm</p>
<p>Output a cpio archive of the rpm file</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rtcwake" class="item"><strong>rtcwake</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rtcwake [-a | -l | -u] [-d DEV] [-m MODE] [-s SEC | -t TIME]</p>
<p>Enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time</p>
<pre>
        -a,--auto       Read clock mode from adjtime
        -l,--local      Clock is set to local time
        -u,--utc        Clock is set to UTC time
        -d,--device=DEV Specify the RTC device
        -m,--mode=MODE  Set the sleep state (default: standby)
        -s,--seconds=SEC Set the timeout in SEC seconds from now
        -t,--time=TIME  Set the timeout to TIME seconds from epoch</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="run_parts" class="item"><strong>run-parts</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>run-parts [-t] [-l] [-a ARG] [-u MASK] DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Run a bunch of scripts in DIRECTORY</p>
<pre>
        -t      Print what would be run, but don't actually run anything
        -a ARG  Pass ARG as argument for every program
        -u MASK Set the umask to MASK before running every program
        -l      Print names of all matching files even if they are not executable</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="runlevel" class="item"><strong>runlevel</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>runlevel [FILE]</p>
<p>Find the current and previous system runlevel</p>
<p>If no utmp FILE exists or if no runlevel record can be found,
print &quot;unknown&quot;</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="runsv" class="item"><strong>runsv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>runsv DIR</p>
<p>Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="runsvdir" class="item"><strong>runsvdir</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>runsvdir [-P] [-s SCRIPT] DIR</p>
<p>Start a runsv process for each subdirectory. If it exits, restart it.</p>
<pre>
        -P              Put each runsv in a new session
        -s SCRIPT       Run SCRIPT &lt;signo&gt; after signal is processed</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="rx" class="item"><strong>rx</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>rx FILE</p>
<p>Receive a file using the xmodem protocol</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="script" class="item"><strong>script</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>script [-afqt] [-c PROG] [OUTFILE]</p>
<pre>
        -a      Append output
        -c PROG Run PROG, not shell
        -f      Flush output after each write
        -q      Quiet
        -t      Send timing to stderr</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="scriptreplay" class="item"><strong>scriptreplay</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>scriptreplay timingfile [typescript [divisor]]</p>
<p>Play back typescripts, using timing information</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sed" class="item"><strong>sed</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sed [-inr] [-f FILE]... [-e CMD]... [FILE]...
or: sed [-inr] CMD [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -e CMD  Add CMD to sed commands to be executed
        -f FILE Add FILE contents to sed commands to be executed
        -i      Edit files in-place (else sends result to stdout)
        -n      Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
        -r      Use extended regex syntax</pre>
<p>If no -e or -f, the first non-option argument is the sed command string.
Remaining arguments are input files (stdin if none).</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sendmail" class="item"><strong>sendmail</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sendmail [OPTIONS] [RECIPIENT_EMAIL]...</p>
<p>Read email from stdin and send it</p>
<p>Standard options:</p>
<pre>
        -t              Read additional recipients from message body
        -f SENDER       Sender (required)
        -o OPTIONS      Various options. -oi implied, others are ignored
        -i              -oi synonym. implied and ignored</pre>
<p>Busybox specific options:</p>
<pre>
        -v              Verbose
        -w SECS         Network timeout
        -H 'PROG ARGS'  Run connection helper
                        Examples:
                        -H 'exec openssl s_client -quiet -tls1 -starttls smtp
                                -connect smtp.gmail.com:25' &lt;email.txt
                                [4&lt;username_and_passwd.txt | -auUSER -apPASS]
                        -H 'exec openssl s_client -quiet -tls1
                                -connect smtp.gmail.com:465' &lt;email.txt
                                [4&lt;username_and_passwd.txt | -auUSER -apPASS]
        -S HOST[:PORT]  Server
        -auUSER         Username for AUTH LOGIN
        -apPASS         Password for AUTH LOGIN</pre>
<p>Other options are silently ignored; -oi -t is implied
Use makemime to create emails with attachments</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="seq" class="item"><strong>seq</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>seq [-w] [-s SEP] [FIRST [INC]] LAST</p>
<p>Print numbers from FIRST to LAST, in steps of INC.
FIRST, INC default to 1.</p>
<pre>
        -w      Pad to last with leading zeros
        -s SEP  String separator</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setarch" class="item"><strong>setarch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setarch personality PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Personality may be:</p>
<pre>
        linux32         Set 32bit uname emulation
        linux64         Set 64bit uname emulation</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setconsole" class="item"><strong>setconsole</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setconsole [-r|--reset] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Redirect system console output to DEVICE (default: /dev/tty)</p>
<pre>
        -r      Reset output to /dev/console</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setfont" class="item"><strong>setfont</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setfont FONT [-m MAPFILE] [-C TTY]</p>
<p>Load a console font</p>
<pre>
        -m MAPFILE      Load console screen map
        -C TTY          Affect TTY instead of /dev/tty</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setkeycodes" class="item"><strong>setkeycodes</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setkeycodes SCANCODE KEYCODE...</p>
<p>Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.</p>
<p>SCANCODE may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal),
and KEYCODE is given in decimal.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setlogcons" class="item"><strong>setlogcons</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setlogcons N</p>
<p>Redirect the kernel output to console N (0 for current)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setserial" class="item"><strong>setserial</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setserial [-gabGvzV] DEVICE [PARAMETER [ARG]]...</p>
<p>Request or set Linux serial port information</p>
<pre>
        -g      Interpret parameters as list of devices for reporting
        -a      Print all available information
        -b      Print summary information
        -G      Print in form which can be fed back
                to setserial as command line parameters
        -z      Zero out serial flags before setting
        -v      Verbose</pre>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>Parameters: (* = takes an argument, ^ = can be turned off by preceding ^)
<tr><td><td>*port, *irq, *divisor, *uart, *baund_base, *close_delay, *closing_wait,
<tr><td><td>^fourport, ^auto_irq, ^skip_test, ^sak, ^session_lockout, ^pgrp_lockout,
<tr><td><td>^callout_nohup, ^split_termios, ^hup_notify, ^low_latency, autoconfig,
<tr><td><td>spd_normal, spd_hi, spd_vhi, spd_shi, spd_warp, spd_cust</table></p>
<p>UART types:</p>
<pre>
        unknown, 8250, 16450, 16550, 16550A, Cirrus, 16650, 16650V2, 16750,
        16950, 16954, 16654, 16850, RSA, NS16550A, XSCALE, RM9000, OCTEON, AR7,
        U6_16550A</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setsid" class="item"><strong>setsid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setsid PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG in a new session. PROG will have no controlling terminal
and will not be affected by keyboard signals (Ctrl-C etc).
See <a href="#setsid"><code>setsid(2)</code></a> for details.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="setuidgid" class="item"><strong>setuidgid</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>setuidgid USER PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Set uid and gid to USER's uid and gid, drop supplementary group ids,
run PROG</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sh" class="item"><strong>sh</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sh [-/+OPTIONS] [-/+o OPT]... [-c 'SCRIPT' [ARG0 [ARGS]] / FILE [ARGS]]</p>
<p>Unix shell interpreter</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sha1sum" class="item"><strong>sha1sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sha1sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print or check SHA1 checksums</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sha256sum" class="item"><strong>sha256sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sha256sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print or check SHA256 checksums</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sha512sum" class="item"><strong>sha512sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sha512sum [-c[sw]] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print or check SHA512 checksums</p>
<pre>
        -c      Check sums against list in FILEs
        -s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
        -w      Warn about improperly formatted checksum lines</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="showkey" class="item"><strong>showkey</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>showkey [-a | -k | -s]</p>
<p>Show keys pressed</p>
<pre>
        -a      Display decimal/octal/hex values of the keys
        -k      Display interpreted keycodes (default)
        -s      Display raw scan-codes</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="slattach" class="item"><strong>slattach</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>slattach [-cehmLF] [-s SPEED] [-p PROTOCOL] DEVICE</p>
<p>Attach network interface(s) to serial line(s)</p>
<pre>
        -p PROT Set protocol (slip, cslip, slip6, clisp6 or adaptive)
        -s SPD  Set line speed
        -e      Exit after initializing device
        -h      Exit when the carrier is lost
        -c PROG Run PROG when the line is hung up
        -m      Do NOT initialize the line in raw 8 bits mode
        -L      Enable 3-wire operation
        -F      Disable RTS/CTS flow control</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sleep" class="item"><strong>sleep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sleep [N]...</p>
<p>Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="smemcap" class="item"><strong>smemcap</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>smemcap &gt;SMEMDATA.TAR</p>
<p>Collect memory usage data in /proc and write it to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="softlimit" class="item"><strong>softlimit</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>softlimit [-a BYTES] [-m BYTES] [-d BYTES] [-s BYTES] [-l BYTES]
<tr><td><td>[-f BYTES] [-c BYTES] [-r BYTES] [-o N] [-p N] [-t N]
<tr><td><td>PROG ARGS</table></p>
<p>Set soft resource limits, then run PROG</p>
<pre>
        -a BYTES        Limit total size of all segments
        -m BYTES        Same as -d BYTES -s BYTES -l BYTES -a BYTES
        -d BYTES        Limit data segment
        -s BYTES        Limit stack segment
        -l BYTES        Limit locked memory size
        -o N            Limit number of open files per process
        -p N            Limit number of processes per uid
Options controlling file sizes:</pre>
<pre>
        -f BYTES        Limit output file sizes
        -c BYTES        Limit core file size
Efficiency opts:</pre>
<pre>
        -r BYTES        Limit resident set size
        -t N            Limit CPU time, process receives
                        a SIGXCPU after N seconds</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sort" class="item"><strong>sort</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sort [-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt] [-o FILE] [-k start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [-t CHAR] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Sort lines of text</p>
<pre>
        -b      Ignore leading blanks
        -c      Check whether input is sorted
        -d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
        -f      Ignore case
        -g      General numerical sort
        -i      Ignore unprintable characters
        -k      Sort key
        -M      Sort month
        -n      Sort numbers
        -o      Output to file
        -k      Sort by key
        -t CHAR Key separator
        -r      Reverse sort order
        -s      Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
        -u      Suppress duplicate lines
        -z      Lines are terminated by NUL, not newline
        -mST    Ignored for GNU compatibility</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="split" class="item"><strong>split</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>split [OPTIONS] [INPUT [PREFIX]]</p>
<pre>
        -b N[k|m]       Split by N (kilo|mega)bytes
        -l N            Split by N lines
        -a N            Use N letters as suffix</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="start_stop_daemon" class="item"><strong>start-stop-daemon</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>start-stop-daemon [OPTIONS] [-S|-K] ... [-- ARGS...]</p>
<p>Search for matching processes, and then
-K: stop all matching processes.
-S: start a process unless a matching process is found.</p>
<p>Process matching:</p>
<pre>
        -u,--user USERNAME|UID  Match only this user's processes
        -n,--name NAME          Match processes with NAME
                                in comm field in /proc/PID/stat
        -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Match processes with this command
                                in /proc/PID/{exe,cmdline}
        -p,--pidfile FILE       Match a process with PID from the file
        All specified conditions must match
-S only:
        -x,--exec EXECUTABLE    Program to run
        -a,--startas NAME       Zeroth argument
        -b,--background         Background
        -N,--nicelevel N        Change nice level
        -c,--chuid USER[:[GRP]] Change to user/group
        -m,--make-pidfile       Write PID to the pidfile specified by -p
-K only:
        -s,--signal SIG         Signal to send
        -t,--test               Match only, exit with 0 if a process is found
Other:</pre>
<pre>
        -o,--oknodo             Exit with status 0 if nothing is done
        -v,--verbose            Verbose
        -q,--quiet              Quiet</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="stat" class="item"><strong>stat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>stat [OPTIONS] FILE...</p>
<p>Display file (default) or filesystem status</p>
<pre>
        -c fmt  Use the specified format
        -f      Display filesystem status
        -L      Follow links
        -t      Display info in terse form</pre>
<p>Valid format sequences for files:</p>
<pre>
 %a     Access rights in octal
 %A     Access rights in human readable form
 %b     Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
 %B     The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
 %d     Device number in decimal
 %D     Device number in hex
 %f     Raw mode in hex
 %F     File type
 %g     Group ID of owner
 %G     Group name of owner
 %h     Number of hard links
 %i     Inode number
 %n     File name
 %N     File name, with -&gt; TARGET if symlink
 %o     I/O block size
 %s     Total size, in bytes
 %t     Major device type in hex
 %T     Minor device type in hex
 %u     User ID of owner
 %U     User name of owner
 %x     Time of last access
 %X     Time of last access as seconds since Epoch
 %y     Time of last modification
 %Y     Time of last modification as seconds since Epoch
 %z     Time of last change
 %Z     Time of last change as seconds since Epoch</pre>
<p>Valid format sequences for file systems:</p>
<pre>
 %a     Free blocks available to non-superuser
 %b     Total data blocks in file system
 %c     Total file nodes in file system
 %d     Free file nodes in file system
 %f     Free blocks in file system
 %i     File System ID in hex
 %l     Maximum length of filenames
 %n     File name
 %s     Block size (for faster transfer)
 %S     Fundamental block size (for block counts)
 %t     Type in hex
 %T     Type in human readable form</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="strings" class="item"><strong>strings</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>strings [-afo] [-n LEN] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Display printable strings in a binary file</p>
<pre>
        -a      Scan whole file (default)
        -f      Precede strings with filenames
        -n LEN  At least LEN characters form a string (default 4)
        -o      Precede strings with decimal offsets</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="stty" class="item"><strong>stty</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>stty [-a|g] [-F DEVICE] [SETTING]...</p>
<p>Without arguments, prints baud rate, line discipline,
and deviations from stty sane</p>
<pre>
        -F DEVICE       Open device instead of stdin
        -a              Print all current settings in human-readable form
        -g              Print in stty-readable form
        [SETTING]       See manpage</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="su" class="item"><strong>su</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>su [OPTIONS] [-] [USER]</p>
<p>Run shell under USER (by default, root)</p>
<pre>
        -,-l    Clear environment, run shell as login shell
        -p,-m   Do not set new $HOME, $SHELL, $USER, $LOGNAME
        -c CMD  Command to pass to 'sh -c'
        -s SH   Shell to use instead of user's default</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sulogin" class="item"><strong>sulogin</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sulogin [-t N] [TTY]</p>
<p>Single user login</p>
<pre>
        -t N    Timeout</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sum" class="item"><strong>sum</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sum [-rs] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Checksum and count the blocks in a file</p>
<pre>
        -r      Use BSD sum algorithm (1K blocks)
        -s      Use System V sum algorithm (512byte blocks)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sv" class="item"><strong>sv</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sv [-v] [-w SEC] CMD SERVICE_DIR...</p>
<p>Control services monitored by runsv supervisor.
Commands (only first character is enough):</p>
<p>status: query service status
up: if service isn't running, start it. If service stops, restart it
once: like 'up', but if service stops, don't restart it
down: send TERM and CONT signals. If ./run exits, start ./finish
	if it exists. After it stops, don't restart service
exit: send TERM and CONT signals to service and log service. If they exit,
	runsv exits too
pause, cont, hup, alarm, interrupt, quit, 1, 2, term, kill: send
STOP, CONT, HUP, ALRM, INT, QUIT, USR1, USR2, TERM, KILL signal to service</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="svlogd" class="item"><strong>svlogd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>svlogd [-ttv] [-r C] [-R CHARS] [-l MATCHLEN] [-b BUFLEN] DIR...</p>
<p>Continuously read log data from stdin and write to rotated log files in DIRs</p>
<p>DIR/config file modifies behavior:
sSIZE - when to rotate logs
nNUM - number of files to retain
!PROG - process rotated log with PROG
+,-PATTERN - (de)select line for logging
E,ePATTERN - (de)select line for stderr</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="swapoff" class="item"><strong>swapoff</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>swapoff [-a] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Stop swapping on DEVICE</p>
<pre>
        -a      Stop swapping on all swap devices</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="swapon" class="item"><strong>swapon</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>swapon [-a] [-p PRI] [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Start swapping on DEVICE</p>
<pre>
        -a      Start swapping on all swap devices
        -p PRI  Set swap device priority</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="switch_root" class="item"><strong>switch_root</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>switch_root [-c /dev/console] NEW_ROOT NEW_INIT [ARGS]</p>
<p>Free initramfs and switch to another root fs:</p>
<p>chroot to NEW_ROOT, delete all in /, move NEW_ROOT to /,
execute NEW_INIT. PID must be 1. NEW_ROOT must be a mountpoint.</p>
<pre>
        -c DEV  Reopen stdio to DEV after switch</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sync" class="item"><strong>sync</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sync</p>
<p>Write all buffered blocks to disk</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="sysctl" class="item"><strong>sysctl</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>sysctl [OPTIONS] [VALUE]...</p>
<p>Configure kernel parameters at runtime</p>
<pre>
        -n      Don't print key names
        -e      Don't warn about unknown keys
        -w      Change sysctl setting
        -p FILE Load sysctl settings from FILE (default /etc/sysctl.conf)
        -a      Display all values
        -A      Display all values in table form</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="syslogd" class="item"><strong>syslogd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>syslogd [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>System logging utility</p>
<pre>
        -n              Run in foreground
        -O FILE         Log to FILE (default:/var/log/messages)
        -l N            Log only messages more urgent than prio N (1-8)
        -S              Smaller output
        -s SIZE         Max size (KB) before rotation (default:200KB, 0=off)
        -b N            N rotated logs to keep (default:1, max=99, 0=purge)
        -R HOST[:PORT]  Log to IP or hostname on PORT (default PORT=514/UDP)
        -L              Log locally and via network (default is network only if -R)
        -D              Drop duplicates
        -C[size_kb]     Log to shared mem buffer (use logread to read it)
        -f FILE         Use FILE as config (default:/etc/syslog.conf)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tac" class="item"><strong>tac</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tac [FILE]...</p>
<p>Concatenate FILEs and print them in reverse</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tail" class="item"><strong>tail</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tail [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Print last 10 lines of each FILE (or stdin) to stdout.
With more than one FILE, precede each with a filename header.</p>
<pre>
        -f              Print data as file grows
        -s SECONDS      Wait SECONDS between reads with -f
        -n N[kbm]       Print last N lines
        -c N[kbm]       Print last N bytes
        -q              Never print headers
        -v              Always print headers</pre>
<p>N may be suffixed by k (x1024), b (x512), or m (x1024^2).
If N starts with a '+', output begins with the Nth item from the start
of each file, not from the end.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tar" class="item"><strong>tar</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tar -[cxtzjahmvO] [-X FILE] [-T FILE] [-f TARFILE] [-C DIR] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Create, extract, or list files from a tar file</p>
<p>Operation:</p>
<pre>
        c       Create
        x       Extract
        t       List
        f       Name of TARFILE ('-' for stdin/out)
        C       Change to DIR before operation
        v       Verbose
        z       (De)compress using gzip
        j       (De)compress using bzip2
        a       (De)compress using lzma
        O       Extract to stdout
        h       Follow symlinks
        m       Don't restore mtime
        exclude File to exclude
        X       File with names to exclude
        T       File with names to include</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tcpsvd" class="item"><strong>tcpsvd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tcpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-C N[:MSG]] [-b N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG</p>
<p>Create TCP socket, bind to IP:PORT and listen
for incoming connection. Run PROG for each connection.</p>
<pre>
        IP              IP to listen on, 0 = all
        PORT            Port to listen on
        PROG ARGS       Program to run
        -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
        -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
        -b N            Allow a backlog of approximately N TCP SYNs
        -C N[:MSG]      Allow only up to N connections from the same IP
                        New connections from this IP address are closed
                        immediately. MSG is written to the peer before close
        -h              Look up peer's hostname
        -E              Don't set up environment variables
        -v              Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tee" class="item"><strong>tee</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tee [-ai] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Copy stdin to each FILE, and also to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -a      Append to the given FILEs, don't overwrite
        -i      Ignore interrupt signals (SIGINT)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="telnet" class="item"><strong>telnet</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>telnet [-a] [-l USER] HOST [PORT]</p>
<p>Connect to telnet server</p>
<pre>
        -a      Automatic login with $USER variable
        -l USER Automatic login as USER</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="telnetd" class="item"><strong>telnetd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>telnetd [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Handle incoming telnet connections</p>
<pre>
        -l LOGIN        Exec LOGIN on connect
        -f ISSUE_FILE   Display ISSUE_FILE instead of /etc/issue
        -K              Close connection as soon as login exits
                        (normally wait until all programs close slave pty)
        -p PORT         Port to listen on
        -b ADDR[:PORT]  Address to bind to
        -F              Run in foreground
        -i              Inetd mode
        -w SEC          Inetd 'wait' mode, linger time SEC
        -S              Log to syslog (implied by -i or without -F and -w)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="test" class="item"><strong>test</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>test EXPRESSION ]</p>
<p>Check file types, compare values etc. Return a 0/1 exit code
depending on logical value of EXPRESSION</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tftp" class="item"><strong>tftp</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tftp [OPTIONS] HOST [PORT]</p>
<p>Transfer a file from/to tftp server</p>
<pre>
        -l FILE Local FILE
        -r FILE Remote FILE
        -g      Get file
        -p      Put file
        -b SIZE Transfer blocks of SIZE octets</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tftpd" class="item"><strong>tftpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tftpd [-cr] [-u USER] [DIR]</p>
<p>Transfer a file on tftp client's request</p>
<p>tftpd should be used as an inetd service.
tftpd's line for inetd.conf:
	69 dgram udp nowait root tftpd tftpd -l /files/to/serve
It also can be ran from udpsvd:</p>
<pre>
        udpsvd -vE 0.0.0.0 69 tftpd /files/to/serve</pre>
<pre>
        -r      Prohibit upload
        -c      Allow file creation via upload
        -u      Access files as USER
        -l      Log to syslog (inetd mode requires this)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="time" class="item"><strong>time</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>time [-v] PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG, display resource usage when it exits</p>
<pre>
        -v      Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="timeout" class="item"><strong>timeout</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>timeout [-t SECS] [-s SIG] PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Runs PROG. Sends SIG to it if it is not gone in SECS seconds.
Defaults: SECS: 10, SIG: TERM.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="top" class="item"><strong>top</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>top [-b] [-nCOUNT] [-dSECONDS] [-m]</p>
<p>Provide a view of process activity in real time.
Read the status of all processes from /proc each SECONDS
and display a screenful of them.
Keys:</p>
<pre>
        N/M/P/T: show CPU usage, sort by pid/mem/cpu/time
        S: show memory
        R: reverse sort
        H: toggle threads, 1: toggle SMP
        Q,^C: exit</pre>
<p>Options:</p>
<pre>
        -b      Batch mode
        -n N    Exit after N iterations
        -d N    Delay between updates
        -m      Same as 's' key</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="touch" class="item"><strong>touch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>touch [-c] [-d DATE] [-t DATE] [-r FILE] FILE...</p>
<p>Update the last-modified date on the given FILE[s]</p>
<pre>
        -c      Don't create files
        -d DT   Date/time to use
        -t DT   Date/time to use
        -r FILE Use FILE's date/time</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tr" class="item"><strong>tr</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tr [-cds] STRING1 [STRING2]</p>
<p>Translate, squeeze, or delete characters from stdin, writing to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -c      Take complement of STRING1
        -d      Delete input characters coded STRING1
        -s      Squeeze multiple output characters of STRING2 into one character</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="traceroute" class="item"><strong>traceroute</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>traceroute [-46FIldnrv] [-f 1ST_TTL] [-m MAXTTL] [-p PORT] [-q PROBES]
<tr><td><td>[-s SRC_IP] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-g GATEWAY] [-i IFACE]
<tr><td><td>[-z PAUSE_MSEC] HOST [BYTES]</table></p>
<p>Trace the route to HOST</p>
<pre>
        -4,-6   Force IP or IPv6 name resolution
        -F      Set the don't fragment bit
        -I      Use ICMP ECHO instead of UDP datagrams
        -l      Display the TTL value of the returned packet
        -d      Set SO_DEBUG options to socket
        -n      Print numeric addresses
        -r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
        -v      Verbose
        -m      Max time-to-live (max number of hops)
        -p      Base UDP port number used in probes
                (default 33434)
        -q      Number of probes per TTL (default 3)
        -s      IP address to use as the source address
        -t      Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
        -w      Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3)
        -g      Loose source route gateway (8 max)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="traceroute6" class="item"><strong>traceroute6</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>traceroute6 [-dnrv] [-m MAXTTL] [-p PORT] [-q PROBES]
<tr><td><td>[-s SRC_IP] [-t TOS] [-w WAIT_SEC] [-i IFACE]
<tr><td><td>HOST [BYTES]</table></p>
<p>Trace the route to HOST</p>
<pre>
        -d      Set SO_DEBUG options to socket
        -n      Print numeric addresses
        -r      Bypass routing tables, send directly to HOST
        -v      Verbose
        -m      Max time-to-live (max number of hops)
        -p      Base UDP port number used in probes
                (default is 33434)
        -q      Number of probes per TTL (default 3)
        -s      IP address to use as the source address
        -t      Type-of-service in probe packets (default 0)
        -w      Time in seconds to wait for a response (default 3)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="true" class="item"><strong>true</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>true</p>
<p>Return an exit code of TRUE (0)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tty" class="item"><strong>tty</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tty</p>
<p>Print file name of stdin's terminal</p>
<pre>
        -s      Print nothing, only return exit status</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ttysize" class="item"><strong>ttysize</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ttysize [w] [h]</p>
<p>Print dimension(s) of stdin's terminal, on error return 80x25</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="tunctl" class="item"><strong>tunctl</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>tunctl [-f device] ([-t name] | -d name) [-u owner] [-g group] [-b]</p>
<p>Create or delete tun interfaces</p>
<pre>
        -f name         tun device (/dev/net/tun)
        -t name         Create iface 'name'
        -d name         Delete iface 'name'
        -u owner        Set iface owner
        -g group        Set iface group
        -b              Brief output</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubiattach" class="item"><strong>ubiattach</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubiattach -m MTD_NUM [-d UBI_NUM] UBI_CTRL_DEV</p>
<p>Attach MTD device to UBI</p>
<pre>
        -m MTD_NUM      MTD device number to attach
        -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number to assign</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubidetach" class="item"><strong>ubidetach</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubidetach -d UBI_NUM UBI_CTRL_DEV</p>
<p>Detach MTD device from UBI</p>
<pre>
        -d UBI_NUM      UBI device number</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubimkvol" class="item"><strong>ubimkvol</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubimkvol UBI_DEVICE -N NAME -s SIZE</p>
<p>Create UBI volume</p>
<pre>
        -a ALIGNMENT    Volume alignment (default 1)
        -n VOLID        Volume ID, if not specified, it
                        will be assigned automatically
        -N NAME         Volume name
        -s SIZE         Size in bytes
        -t TYPE         Volume type (static|dynamic)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubirmvol" class="item"><strong>ubirmvol</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubirmvol UBI_DEVICE -n VOLID</p>
<p>Remove UBI volume</p>
<pre>
        -n VOLID        Volume ID</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubirsvol" class="item"><strong>ubirsvol</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubirsvol UBI_DEVICE -n VOLID -s SIZE</p>
<p>Resize UBI volume</p>
<pre>
        -n VOLID        Volume ID to resize
        -s SIZE         Size in bytes</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="ubiupdatevol" class="item"><strong>ubiupdatevol</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>ubiupdatevol UBI_DEVICE [IMG_FILE]</p>
<p>Update UBI volume</p>
<pre>
        -t      Truncate UBI volume
        -s SIZE Bytes in input (if reading stdin)</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="udhcpc" class="item"><strong>udhcpc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>udhcpc [-fbnqvoCRB] [-i IFACE] [-r IP] [-s PROG] [-p PIDFILE]
<tr><td><td>[-V VENDOR] [-x OPT:VAL]... [-O OPT]...</table></p>
<pre>
        -i,--interface IFACE    Interface to use (default eth0)
        -p,--pidfile FILE       Create pidfile
        -s,--script PROG        Run PROG at DHCP events (default /usr/share/udhcpc/default.script)
        -B,--broadcast          Request broadcast replies
        -t,--retries N          Send up to N discover packets
        -T,--timeout N          Pause between packets (default 3 seconds)
        -A,--tryagain N         Wait N seconds after failure (default 20)
        -f,--foreground         Run in foreground
        -b,--background         Background if lease is not obtained
        -n,--now                Exit if lease is not obtained
        -q,--quit               Exit after obtaining lease
        -R,--release            Release IP on exit
        -S,--syslog             Log to syslog too
        -a,--arping             Use arping to validate offered address
        -O,--request-option OPT Request option OPT from server (cumulative)
        -o,--no-default-options Don't request any options (unless -O is given)
        -r,--request IP         Request this IP address
        -x OPT:VAL              Include option OPT in sent packets (cumulative)
                                Examples of string, numeric, and hex byte opts:
                                -x hostname:bbox - option 12
                                -x lease:3600 - option 51 (lease time)
                                -x 0x3d:0100BEEFC0FFEE - option 61 (client id)
        -F,--fqdn NAME          Ask server to update DNS mapping for NAME
        -V,--vendorclass VENDOR Vendor identifier (default 'udhcp VERSION')
        -C,--clientid-none      Don't send MAC as client identifier
        -v                      Verbose
Signals:</pre>
<pre>
        USR1    Renew lease
        USR2    Release lease</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="udhcpd" class="item"><strong>udhcpd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>udhcpd [-fS] [CONFFILE]</p>
<p>DHCP server</p>
<pre>
        -f      Run in foreground
        -S      Log to syslog too</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="udpsvd" class="item"><strong>udpsvd</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>udpsvd [-hEv] [-c N] [-u USER] [-l NAME] IP PORT PROG</p>
<p>Create UDP socket, bind to IP:PORT and wait
for incoming packets. Run PROG for each packet,
redirecting all further packets with same peer ip:port to it.</p>
<pre>
        IP              IP to listen on, 0 = all
        PORT            Port to listen on
        PROG ARGS       Program to run
        -l NAME         Local hostname (else looks up local hostname in DNS)
        -u USER[:GRP]   Change to user/group after bind
        -c N            Handle up to N connections simultaneously
        -h              Look up peer's hostname
        -E              Don't set up environment variables
        -v              Verbose</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="umount" class="item"><strong>umount</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>umount [OPTIONS] FILESYSTEM|DIRECTORY</p>
<p>Unmount file systems</p>
<pre>
        -a      Unmount all file systems
        -r      Try to remount devices as read-only if mount is busy
        -l      Lazy umount (detach filesystem)
        -f      Force umount (i.e., unreachable NFS server)
        -D      Don't free loop device even if it has been used</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uname" class="item"><strong>uname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uname [-amnrspv]</p>
<p>Print system information</p>
<pre>
        -a      Print all
        -m      The machine (hardware) type
        -n      Hostname
        -r      OS release
        -s      OS name (default)
        -p      Processor type
        -v      OS version</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unexpand" class="item"><strong>unexpand</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unexpand [-fa][-t N] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Convert spaces to tabs, writing to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -a,--all        Convert all blanks
        -f,--first-only Convert only leading blanks
        -t,--tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uniq" class="item"><strong>uniq</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uniq [-cdu][-f,s,w N] [INPUT [OUTPUT]]</p>
<p>Discard duplicate lines</p>
<pre>
        -c      Prefix lines by the number of occurrences
        -d      Only print duplicate lines
        -u      Only print unique lines
        -f N    Skip first N fields
        -s N    Skip first N chars (after any skipped fields)
        -w N    Compare N characters in line</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unix2dos" class="item"><strong>unix2dos</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unix2dos [-ud] [FILE]</p>
<p>Convert FILE in-place from Unix to DOS format.
When no file is given, use stdin/stdout.</p>
<pre>
        -u      dos2unix
        -d      unix2dos</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unlzma" class="item"><strong>unlzma</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unlzma [-cf] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unlzop" class="item"><strong>unlzop</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unlzop [-cfvCF] [FILE]...</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force
        -v      Verbose
        -F      Don't store or verify checksum</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unxz" class="item"><strong>unxz</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unxz [-cf] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="unzip" class="item"><strong>unzip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>unzip [-opts[modifiers]] FILE[.zip] [LIST] [-x XLIST] [-d DIR]</p>
<p>Extract files from ZIP archives</p>
<pre>
        -l      List archive contents (with -q for short form)
        -n      Never overwrite files (default)
        -o      Overwrite
        -p      Send output to stdout
        -q      Quiet
        -x XLST Exclude these files
        -d DIR  Extract files into DIR</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uptime" class="item"><strong>uptime</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uptime</p>
<p>Display the time since the last boot</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="users" class="item"><strong>users</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>users</p>
<p>Print the users currently logged on</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="usleep" class="item"><strong>usleep</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>usleep N</p>
<p>Pause for N microseconds</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uudecode" class="item"><strong>uudecode</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uudecode [-o OUTFILE] [INFILE]</p>
<p>Uudecode a file
Finds OUTFILE in uuencoded source unless -o is given</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="uuencode" class="item"><strong>uuencode</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>uuencode [-m] [FILE] STORED_FILENAME</p>
<p>Uuencode FILE (or stdin) to stdout</p>
<pre>
        -m      Use base64 encoding per RFC1521</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="vconfig" class="item"><strong>vconfig</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>vconfig COMMAND [OPTIONS]</p>
<p>Create and remove virtual ethernet devices</p>
<pre>
        add             IFACE VLAN_ID
        rem             VLAN_NAME
        set_flag        IFACE 0|1 VLAN_QOS
        set_egress_map  VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
        set_ingress_map VLAN_NAME SKB_PRIO VLAN_QOS
        set_name_type   NAME_TYPE</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="vi" class="item"><strong>vi</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>vi [OPTIONS] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Edit FILE</p>
<pre>
        -c      Initial command to run ($EXINIT also available)
        -R      Read-only
        -H      Short help regarding available features</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="vlock" class="item"><strong>vlock</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>vlock [-a]</p>
<p>Lock a virtual terminal. A password is required to unlock.</p>
<pre>
        -a      Lock all VTs</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="volname" class="item"><strong>volname</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>volname [DEVICE]</p>
<p>Show CD volume name of the DEVICE (default /dev/cdrom)</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="wall" class="item"><strong>wall</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>wall [FILE]</p>
<p>Write content of FILE or stdin to all logged-in users</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="watch" class="item"><strong>watch</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>watch [-n SEC] [-t] PROG ARGS</p>
<p>Run PROG periodically</p>
<pre>
        -n      Loop period in seconds (default 2)
        -t      Don't print header</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="watchdog" class="item"><strong>watchdog</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>watchdog [-t N[ms]] [-T N[ms]] [-F] DEV</p>
<p>Periodically write to watchdog device DEV</p>
<pre>
        -T N    Reboot after N seconds if not reset (default 60)
        -t N    Reset every N seconds (default 30)
        -F      Run in foreground</pre>
<p>Use 500ms to specify period in milliseconds</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="wc" class="item"><strong>wc</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>wc [-cmlwL] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Count lines, words, and bytes for each FILE (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -c      Count bytes
        -m      Count characters
        -l      Count newlines
        -w      Count words
        -L      Print longest line length</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="wget" class="item"><strong>wget</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td>wget [-c|--continue] [-s|--spider] [-q|--quiet] [-O|--output-document FILE]
<tr><td><td>[--header 'header: value'] [-Y|--proxy on/off] [-P DIR]
<tr><td><td>[--no-check-certificate] [-U|--user-agent AGENT] [-T SEC] URL...</table></p>
<p>Retrieve files via HTTP or FTP</p>
<pre>
        -s      Spider mode - only check file existence
        -c      Continue retrieval of aborted transfer
        -q      Quiet
        -P DIR  Save to DIR (default .)
        -T SEC  Network read timeout is SEC seconds
        -O FILE Save to FILE ('-' for stdout)
        -U STR  Use STR for User-Agent header
        -Y      Use proxy ('on' or 'off')</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="which" class="item"><strong>which</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>which [COMMAND]...</p>
<p>Locate a COMMAND</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="who" class="item"><strong>who</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>who [-a]</p>
<p>Show who is logged on</p>
<pre>
        -a      Show all
        -H      Print column headers</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="whoami" class="item"><strong>whoami</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>whoami</p>
<p>Print the user name associated with the current effective user id</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="whois" class="item"><strong>whois</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>whois [-h SERVER] [-p PORT] NAME...</p>
<p>Query WHOIS info about NAME</p>
<pre>
        -h,-p   Server to query</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="xargs" class="item"><strong>xargs</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>xargs [OPTIONS] [PROG ARGS]</p>
<p>Run PROG on every item given by stdin</p>
<pre>
        -p      Ask user whether to run each command
        -r      Don't run command if input is empty
        -0      Input is separated by NUL characters
        -t      Print the command on stderr before execution
        -e[STR] STR stops input processing
        -n N    Pass no more than N args to PROG
        -s N    Pass command line of no more than N bytes
        -x      Exit if size is exceeded</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="xz" class="item"><strong>xz</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>xz -d [-cf] [FILE]...</p>
<p>Decompress FILE (or stdin)</p>
<pre>
        -d      Decompress
        -c      Write to stdout
        -f      Force</pre>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="xzcat" class="item"><strong>xzcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>xzcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="yes" class="item"><strong>yes</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>yes [STRING]</p>
<p>Repeatedly output a line with STRING, or 'y'</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="zcat" class="item"><strong>zcat</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>zcat FILE</p>
<p>Decompress to stdout</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong><a name="zcip" class="item"><strong>zcip</strong></a></strong></dt>

<dd>
<p>zcip [OPTIONS] IFACE SCRIPT</p>
<p>Manage a ZeroConf IPv4 link-local address</p>
<pre>
        -f              Run in foreground
        -q              Quit after obtaining address
        -r 169.254.x.x  Request this address first
        -v              Verbose</pre>
<p>With no -q, runs continuously monitoring for ARP conflicts,
exits only on I/O errors (link down etc)</p>
</dd>
</dl>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="libc_nss">LIBC NSS</a></h1>
<p>GNU Libc (glibc) uses the Name Service Switch (NSS) to configure the behavior
of the C library for the local environment, and to configure how it reads
system data, such as passwords and group information.  This is implemented
using an /etc/nsswitch.conf configuration file, and using one or more of the
/lib/libnss_* libraries.  BusyBox tries to avoid using any libc calls that make
use of NSS.  Some applets however, such as login and su, will use libc functions
that require NSS.</p>
<p>If you enable CONFIG_USE_BB_PWD_GRP, BusyBox will use internal functions to
directly access the /etc/passwd, /etc/group, and /etc/shadow files without
using NSS.  This may allow you to run your system without the need for
installing any of the NSS configuration files and libraries.</p>
<p>When used with glibc, the BusyBox 'networking' applets will similarly require
that you install at least some of the glibc NSS stuff (in particular,
/etc/nsswitch.conf, /lib/libnss_dns*, /lib/libnss_files*, and /lib/libresolv*).</p>
<p>Shameless Plug: As an alternative, one could use a C library such as uClibc.  In
addition to making your system significantly smaller, uClibc does not require the
use of any NSS support files or libraries.</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="maintainer">MAINTAINER</a></h1>
<p>Denis Vlasenko &lt;<a href="mailto:vda.linux@googlemail.com">vda.linux@googlemail.com</a>&gt;</p>
<p>
</p>
<hr />
<h1><a name="authors">AUTHORS</a></h1>
<p>The following people have contributed code to BusyBox whether they know it or
not.  If you have written code included in BusyBox, you should probably be
listed here so you can obtain your bit of eternal glory.  If you should be
listed here, or the description of what you have done needs more detail, or is
incorrect, please send in an update.</p>
<br><p>Emanuele Aina &lt;<a href="mailto:emanuele.aina@tiscali.it">emanuele.aina@tiscali.it</a>&gt;
    run-parts</p>
<br><p>Erik Andersen &lt;<a href="mailto:andersen@codepoet.org">andersen@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Tons of new stuff, major rewrite of most of the
    core apps, tons of new apps as noted in header files.
    Lots of tedious effort writing these boring docs that
    nobody is going to actually read.</pre>
<br><p>Laurence Anderson &lt;<a href="mailto:l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk">l.d.anderson@warwick.ac.uk</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    rpm2cpio, unzip, get_header_cpio, read_gz interface, rpm</pre>
<br><p>Jeff Angielski &lt;<a href="mailto:jeff@theptrgroup.com">jeff@theptrgroup.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    ftpput, ftpget</pre>
<br><p>Edward Betts &lt;<a href="mailto:edward@debian.org">edward@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    expr, hostid, logname, whoami</pre>
<br><p>John Beppu &lt;<a href="mailto:beppu@codepoet.org">beppu@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    du, nslookup, sort</pre>
<br><p>Brian Candler &lt;<a href="mailto:B.Candler@pobox.com">B.Candler@pobox.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tiny-ls(ls)</pre>
<br><p>Randolph Chung &lt;<a href="mailto:tausq@debian.org">tausq@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    fbset, ping, hostname</pre>
<br><p>Dave Cinege &lt;<a href="mailto:dcinege@psychosis.com">dcinege@psychosis.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    more(v2), makedevs, dutmp, modularization, auto links file,
    various fixes, Linux Router Project maintenance</pre>
<br><p>Jordan Crouse &lt;<a href="mailto:jordan@cosmicpenguin.net">jordan@cosmicpenguin.net</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    ipcalc</pre>
<br><p>Magnus Damm &lt;<a href="mailto:damm@opensource.se">damm@opensource.se</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tftp client insmod powerpc support</pre>
<br><p>Larry Doolittle &lt;<a href="mailto:ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov">ldoolitt@recycle.lbl.gov</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    pristine source directory compilation, lots of patches and fixes.</pre>
<br><p>Glenn Engel &lt;<a href="mailto:glenne@engel.org">glenne@engel.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    httpd</pre>
<br><p>Gennady Feldman &lt;<a href="mailto:gfeldman@gena01.com">gfeldman@gena01.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Sysklogd (single threaded syslogd, IPC Circular buffer support,
    logread), various fixes.</pre>
<br><p>Karl M. Hegbloom &lt;<a href="mailto:karlheg@debian.org">karlheg@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    cp_mv.c, the test suite, various fixes to utility.c, &amp;c.</pre>
<br><p>Daniel Jacobowitz &lt;<a href="mailto:dan@debian.org">dan@debian.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    mktemp.c</pre>
<br><p>Matt Kraai &lt;<a href="mailto:kraai@alumni.cmu.edu">kraai@alumni.cmu.edu</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    documentation, bugfixes, test suite</pre>
<br><p>Stephan Linz &lt;<a href="mailto:linz@li-pro.net">linz@li-pro.net</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    ipcalc, Red Hat equivalence</pre>
<br><p>John Lombardo &lt;<a href="mailto:john@deltanet.com">john@deltanet.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tr</pre>
<br><p>Glenn McGrath &lt;<a href="mailto:bug1@iinet.net.au">bug1@iinet.net.au</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Common unarchiving code and unarchiving applets, ifupdown, ftpgetput,
    nameif, sed, patch, fold, install, uudecode.
    Various bugfixes, review and apply numerous patches.</pre>
<br><p>Manuel Novoa III &lt;<a href="mailto:mjn3@codepoet.org">mjn3@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    cat, head, mkfifo, mknod, rmdir, sleep, tee, tty, uniq, usleep, wc, yes,
    mesg, vconfig, make_directory, parse_mode, dirname, mode_string,
    get_last_path_component, simplify_path, and a number trivial libbb routines</pre>
<pre>
    also bug fixes, partial rewrites, and size optimizations in
    ash, basename, cal, cmp, cp, df, du, echo, env, ln, logname, md5sum, mkdir,
    mv, realpath, rm, sort, tail, touch, uname, watch, arith, human_readable,
    interface, dutmp, ifconfig, route</pre>
<br><p>Vladimir Oleynik &lt;<a href="mailto:dzo@simtreas.ru">dzo@simtreas.ru</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    cmdedit; xargs(current), httpd(current);
    ports: ash, crond, fdisk, inetd, stty, traceroute, top;
    locale, various fixes
    and irreconcilable critic of everything not perfect.</pre>
<br><p>Bruce Perens &lt;<a href="mailto:bruce@pixar.com">bruce@pixar.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Original author of BusyBox in 1995, 1996. Some of his code can
    still be found hiding here and there...</pre>
<br><p>Tim Riker &lt;<a href="mailto:Tim@Rikers.org">Tim@Rikers.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    bug fixes, member of fan club</pre>
<br><p>Kent Robotti &lt;<a href="mailto:robotti@metconnect.com">robotti@metconnect.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    reset, tons and tons of bug reports and patches.</pre>
<br><p>Chip Rosenthal &lt;<a href="mailto:chip@unicom.com">chip@unicom.com</a>&gt;, &lt;<a href="mailto:crosenth@covad.com">crosenth@covad.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    wget - Contributed by permission of Covad Communications</pre>
<br><p>Pavel Roskin &lt;<a href="mailto:proski@gnu.org">proski@gnu.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Lots of bugs fixes and patches.</pre>
<br><p>Gyepi Sam &lt;<a href="mailto:gyepi@praxis-sw.com">gyepi@praxis-sw.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    Remote logging feature for syslogd</pre>
<br><p>Linus Torvalds &lt;<a href="mailto:torvalds@transmeta.com">torvalds@transmeta.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    mkswap, fsck.minix, mkfs.minix</pre>
<br><p>Mark Whitley &lt;<a href="mailto:markw@codepoet.org">markw@codepoet.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    grep, sed, cut, xargs(previous),
    style-guide, new-applet-HOWTO, bug fixes, etc.</pre>
<br><p>Charles P. Wright &lt;<a href="mailto:cpwright@villagenet.com">cpwright@villagenet.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    gzip, mini-netcat(nc)</pre>
<br><p>Enrique Zanardi &lt;<a href="mailto:ezanardi@ull.es">ezanardi@ull.es</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    tarcat (since removed), loadkmap, various fixes, Debian maintenance</pre>
<br><p>Tito Ragusa &lt;<a href="mailto:farmatito@tiscali.it">farmatito@tiscali.it</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    devfsd and size optimizations in strings, openvt and deallocvt.</pre>
<br><p>Paul Fox &lt;<a href="mailto:pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us">pgf@foxharp.boston.ma.us</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    vi editing mode for ash, various other patches/fixes</pre>
<br><p>Roberto A. Foglietta &lt;<a href="mailto:me@roberto.foglietta.name">me@roberto.foglietta.name</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    port: dnsd</pre>
<br><p>Bernhard Reutner-Fischer &lt;<a href="mailto:rep.dot.nop@gmail.com">rep.dot.nop@gmail.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    misc</pre>
<br><p>Mike Frysinger &lt;<a href="mailto:vapier@gentoo.org">vapier@gentoo.org</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    initial e2fsprogs, printenv, setarch, sum, misc</pre>
<br><p>Jie Zhang &lt;<a href="mailto:jie.zhang@analog.com">jie.zhang@analog.com</a>&gt;</p>
<pre>
    fixed two bugs in msh and hush (exitcode of killed processes)</pre>

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